• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.2_2
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• pp.249-261
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• 2020

Coastal monitoring using multiple platforms/sensors is a very important tools for accurately understanding the changes in offshore marine environment and disaster with high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, integrated observation studies using multiple platforms and sensors are insufficient, and none of them have been evaluated for efficiency and limitation of convergence. In this study, we aimed to suggest an integrated observation method with multi-remote sensing platform and sensors, and to diagnose the utility and limitation. Integrated in situ surveys were conducted using Rhodamine WT fluorescent dye to simulate various marine disasters. In September 2019, the distribution and movement of RWT dye patches were detected using satellite (Kompsat-2/3/3A, Landsat-8 OLI, Sentinel-3 OLCI and GOCI), unmanned aircraft (Mavic 2 pro and Inspire 2), and manned aircraft platforms after injecting fluorescent dye into the waters of the South Sea-Yeosu Sea. The initial patch size of the RWT dye was 2,600 ㎡ and spread to 62,000 ㎡ about 138 minutes later. The RWT patches gradually moved southwestward from the point where they were first released,similar to the pattern of tidal current flowing southwest as the tides gradually decreased. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) image showed highest resolution in terms of spatial and time resolution, but the coverage area was the narrowest. In the case of satellite images, the coverage area was wide, but there were some limitations compared to other platforms in terms of operability due to the long cycle of revisiting. For Sentinel-3 OLCI and GOCI, the spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were the highest, but small fluorescent dye detection was limited in terms of spatial resolution. In the case of hyperspectral sensor mounted on manned aircraft, the spectral resolution was the highest, but this was also somewhat limited in terms of operability. From this simulation approach, multi-platform integrated observation was able to confirm that time,space and spectral resolution could be significantly improved. In the future, if this study results are linked to coastal numerical models, it will be possible to predict the transport and diffusion of contaminants, and it is expected that it can contribute to improving model accuracy by using them as input and verification data of the numerical models.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.799-806
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• 2002

In spite of the establishment of chemotherapy and the gradual decrease in prevalence, pulmonary tuberculosis is still mainly treated with an operation. Through analyzing and examining some cases of surgical treatment, we hope to provide some help in treating of pulmonary tuberculosis in the future. Material and Method: By comparing four journals previously published in our department with 144 cases of lung surgery during ten years from January of 1991 to December of 2000 performed by the department of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery of the National Medical Center, we analyzed and reviewed the most recent trends and the results of the surgical treatment. Annual frequency of the operation, distribution of age, examination of sputum, adaptability and types of techniques, complications, and results of the postoperative follow-up were used as methods. Result: It was found that the annual frequency of operations had decreased. The ratio of men to women, 2:1 indicates that there are more incidences in men. Aging of patients could be speculated by the .results that the decrease in the incidence rate in the 20s age range and increase rate in the 50s age range. The range of preoperative lesions belonged mostly to far advanced and moderately advanced tuberculosis. By monitoring the period of use in preoperative antituberculosis drugs, cases for more than 3 years remarkably increased from 16.0 % to 55.6 %. The positive reactive rate for preoperative sputum examinations were drastically decreased from 91 % to 27 %. Total pulmonary destruction and partial destruction were the most common cases in terms of adaptability to the operations and there were significant increases in forming empyema accompanied by parenchymal lesions from 4.0 % to 20.1 %. Pneumonectomy and pulmonary lobectomy were the major type of operations. Especially, there were increases in the incident rate of empyema and recurrence of tuberculosis resulted. Post operative follow-up indicates that the rate of complete recovery was more than 70 % and the rate of gradual increase in treating with persistent antituberculosis drug was from 5.8 % to 18.0 %. Conclusion: In recent cases, there is an increasing number of patients showing tolerance to chemotherapy. Patients with pleural tuberculosis and severe lesions were typically increased. It is important to accurately analyze those complaints accurately that are mostly difficult to be treated medically. Surgical treatment is strongly recommended Before multiple drug resistance occurs.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.122-126
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• 2007

Expenditure on meat and meat products has been increased in Korea due to the increase of income and the change of diet. From raising farm animals to eating the meat, various hazardous elements can make their ways into the meat and meat products. Recently the issues on food safety and hygiene are drawing a lot of attention, and the current system for managing the safety of foods is still needed to be improved. This survey was aimed to monitor the current situation of country-of-origin labels and hygiene for the meat markets at 4 regions Korea. The survey was performed by collecting samples from whole- sale and retail stores in the nation, which were selling beef. The markets were divided into groups as to territory and the size of the market (Large size, Medium size, and Small size). In terms of size distribution, small butcher shops occupied the highest percentage. On the itemized suitability test of unpacked and packed beef, all the market of 4 regions showed good agreements. However, such labels indicating the methods of cooking and storage were not properly posted on the products. Especially for Ho-nam region, corrections are needed. The results of monitoring sanitation conditions for the butcher shops at 4 regions in Korea showed relatively low suitability. Especially, there were serious lack of knowledge about wearing the sanitation clothing, caps, and shoes. The problem with food safety is so complicated that producer, consumer, food manufacturer, the press, the government, and scholar should solve altogether. It is necessary to educate farmers, food handlers, consumers, etc. and provide them with an accurate information and knowledge.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.35-81
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• 1998

Distinct Element Method(DEM) has a great advantage to model the discontinuous behaviour of jointed rock masses such as rotation, sliding, and separation of rock blocks. Geometrical data of joints by a field monitoring is not enough to model the jointed rock mass though the results of DE analysis for the jointed rock mass is most sensitive to the distributional properties of joints. Also, it is important to use a properly joint law in evaluating the stability of a jointed rock mass because the joint is considered as the contact between blocks in DEM. In this study, a stochastic modelling technique is developed and the dilatant rock joint is numerically modelled in order to consider th geometrical and mechanical properties of joints in DE analysis. The stochastic modelling technique provides a assemblage of rock blocks by reproducing the joint distribution from insufficient joint data. Numerical Modelling of joint dilatancy in a edge-edge contact of DEM enable to consider not only mechanical properties but also various boundary conditions of joint. Preprocess Procedure for a stochastic DE model is composed of a statistical process of raw data of joints, a joint generation, and a block boundary generation. This stochastic DE model is used to analyze the effect of deviations of geometrical joint parameters on .the behaviour of jointed rock masses. This modelling method may be one tool for the consistency of DE analysis because it keeps the objectivity of the numerical model. In the joint constitutive law with a dilatancy, the normal and shear behaviour of a joint are fully coupled due to dilatation. It is easy to quantify the input Parameters used in the joint law from laboratory tests. The boundary effect on the behaviour of a joint is verified from shear tests under CNL and CNS using the numerical model of a single joint. The numerical model developed is applied to jointed rock masses to evaluate the effect of joint dilation on tunnel stability.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.261-279
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• 1997

The study for a effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was conduced for improvement of raw milk from Jan. to Dec. in 1996. Sampling the milk of 367 cows(1, 406 quarters) from 5 herds in Inchon and were carried out California mastitis test(CMT), somatic cell count(SCC), isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The results were summarized as follows, 1. The number of bovine mastitis was 177 cows(48.2%) and 371 quarters(26.4%) : clinical mastitis : 25 cows(6.8%), 32 quarters(2.3%) and subclinicsl mastitis : 152 cows(41.4% ), 339 quarters(24.1%). Incidence rate of mastitis by season were Summer 52.0%, Fall and Winter 48% and Spring 41%. Incidence rate of mastitis by quarters were Summer 30%, Fall 28%, Winter 25% and Spring 21%, respectively. 2. In the distribution of CMT degree by quarter, CMT positive(CMT$\pm$) of 1, 406 quarters milk were 50.1% (704 quarters). The ratio of CMT positivity by quarter were left front quarter 55.8%, right front quarter 48.9%, right hind quarter 48.6% and left hind quarter 47% The ratio of CMT positivity by season were Summer 54.1%, Fall 49.7%, Spring 48.5% and Winter 48% 3. The highest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "A" herd. Mean SCC (cell/ml) of A herd were Summer 2, 032, 000cells/ml, Fall 1, 109, 000cells/ml, Winter 782, 000cells/ml and Spring 577, 000cells/ml. The lowest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "E" herds. Mean SCC of E herd were Summer 1, 064, 000cells/ml, Spring 795, 000cells/m1, Fall 429, 000cells/ml and Winter 400, 000cells/ml. Mean SCC of the other herds by season were little difference. 4. The milk samples of "A" herd were collected from 10 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 2 and 3 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 8 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 4 cows, Winter 3 cows, Spring and Fall 1 cow respectively. The milk samples of "B" herd were collected from 14 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 1 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 5, 9 and 14 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, No. 3, 6 and 7 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Fall and Winter 4 cows respectively, Summer 3 cows and Spring 1 cow. The milk samples of "C" herd were collected from 18 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 16 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 6, 7, 13, 15 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml respectively. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 5 cows, Fall 3 cows, Spring 2 cows and Winter 1 COW. The milk sampes of "D" herd were collected 24 cows. In 3 season, mean SCC of No. 14 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 14 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 17, 19, 20 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Fall 15 cows, Spring and Winter 4 cows respectively and Summer 3 cows. The milk samples of "E" herd were collected from 27 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16 and 23 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Spring and Fall 5 cows respectively, Summer and Winter 2 cows, respectively. 5. The rate of isolated pathogenic microorganisms from bovine mastitis were summarized as follows : Staphylococcus sp 168 strains(45.8%), Streptococcus sp 82 strains(22.3%), Gram(-) sp 45 strains(12.3%), Gram(＋) sp 51 strains and the other sp 21 strains(5.7%). 6. The highest of antibiotic sensitivity test of each microorganism was summarized as follows : Staphyolcoccus sp - cephalosporin 76%, gentamicin 55%, Streptococcus sp - ampicillin 61%, cephalosporin 63%, Gram(-) sp - gentamicin 58%, Gram(＋) sp - cephalosporin 63%, The other sp - cephalosporin 90%. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.249-257
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• 1991

Chronological changes in the occurrence pattern of the striped rice borer(SRB), Chilo suppressalis Walker, were investigated by analyzing the data collected by 33 light traps of the countrywide monitoring units during the period of 1968-1989. And also relation of incidences between larval and adult populations, emergence time and percent emergence of overwintered larvae were observed in relation to the time of different rice transplantations. Spring moths of SRB in 1985-'89 generally emerged earlier than in 1968-'72 : 30 days earlier at Kwangju, 20 -25 days earlier at Sangju and Naju, 10-15 days earlier at Uljin, Jinju, Goyang, Milyang, Kimhae, etc., 5 days earlier at Suweon, Jinchun, Daejeon, Namweon, Haenam, etc. There was no change in the time of spring moth emergance at Weonseong, Chungju, Seosan, Yongju, and Nonsan. Summer moths of SRB in 1985- '89 also emerged earlier than 1968- '72: 20 days earlier at Uljin, 15 days earlier at Chungju, Yeongdug, and Habchun, 5-10 days earlier at the other areas except Yeongju. There was an overall countrywide decrease in the population of the 1st generation of SRB during the last two decades. The population of the 2nd generation also decreased in 19 areas during the same period, but increased in 14 areas including over 3-fold increases in Kwangju, Naju and Daegu, and double increase in Jinju, Milyang and Gongju. The higher larval population density of 1st genration was taken place in the earlier transplanted fields, whereas the population of 2nd generation were higher at mid-season transplanted (May 30), followed by May 15, June 15, and April 30. The peak of larval population appeared generally 15 days after moth peak in 1st generation, and 10 days after moth-peak in 2nd generation. The earlier transplanted fields were the higher percent damage due to 1st off-springs of spring moths, whereas the fields transplanted in mid-season were higher damage due to 2nd off-springs of summer moths. Average body weights of SRB larvae before overwintering were 65.6 mg, 61.2 mg, and 55.5 mg in early, mid-season, and late transplantations, respectively. In field cage experiments, emergence rate of the overwintered larvae ranged from 28.3-39.8%. In other words, body weights of overwintering larvae were heavier in fields by earlier transplantation, and heavier larvae showed higher percentage of adult emergence. The period from overwintered larvae to adult emergence was longer in the fields of the later transplantations; namely, 44, 49, and 51 days for early, mid-season, and late transplantations, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.112-129
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to provide basic data in managing the project that was carried out on Bulgwangcheon in a nature-friendly way to improve the conditions around the areas, which was brought to completion in 2002, based on changes in ecological characteristics. For this propose, this study examined documents related to the project, compared physical and enviromnental changes before and after the project was conducted and analyzed changes in the stream ecosystem. The result showed that in areas that effluent water was often observed, especially when it rained, the river wall was washed away and vegetation was found damaged. As for actual vegetation, this study compared planting coverage of each section of the research area and actual vegetation charts. The results indicated that Lespedeza spp., Aster koraiensis among mixed seeds that were planted in the reservoir path were almost swept away while Festuca arundinacea dominated the areas. Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorns and Salix gracilistyla which had been planted in a small number were also almost washed out though a small number of them were left to form a colony. After examining the topography and structure of the plant community, this study found that areas where mixed seed were planted had changed into two types of vegetation: First type of area is dominated by P and R which are usually raised in apron with abundant floating particles. The second type of area is dominated by dry gramineous plant such as F and A. Areas around low flow channel where Phragmites communis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Salix gracilistyla planting construction method is applied was washed away with the width of low flow channel reduced. Though P, M and S formed a small community in some areas around the low flow area, they were in small number and in composition of simple plant species. Two ways were suggested in this study to manage the stream in an ecological way. First, adequate revetment construction methods should be applied by monitoring the flow of the stream as well as considering the flood control of urban streams. Second, target vegetation communities that are suitable for the environment of the stream should be chosen and be plantedconstantly with high density. At the same time, ornamental native plants shouldn't be planted as they have been and disturbing vegetation should be removed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2000

Adsorption onto the surfaces of solid particles is a well known phenomenon that causes the retardation effect of heavy metals in soils. For adequate remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, it is important to investigate the mobility of heavy metals that largely depends on pH conditions in the soil water since adsorption of heavy metals is pH-dependent. In this study, we investigated the transport of Zn ion under various pH conditions in a sandy soil by conducting batch and column tests. The batch test was performed using the standard procedure of equilibrating fine fractions collected from the soil with eleven different initial $ZnCl_2$ concentrations, and analysis of Zn ion in the equilibrated solutions using ICP-AES. The column test consisted of monitoring the concentrations of soil solutions exiting the soil column with time known as a breakthrough curve (BTC). We injected respectively $ZnCl_2$ and KCl solutions with the concentration of 10 g/L as a tracer in a square pulse type under three different pH conditions (7.7, 5.8, 4.1) and monitored the flux concentration at the exit boundary using an EC meter and ICP-AES. The resident concentration was also monitored at the 10cm-depth by Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The results of batch test showed that ion exchange process between Zn and other cations (Ca, Mg) was predominant. The retardation coefficients obtained from adsorption isotherms (Linear, Freundlich, Langmuir) resulted in the various values ranging from 1.2 to 614.1. No retardation effect but ion exchange was found for the BTCs under all pH conditions. This can be explained by the absence of other cations to desorb Zn ion from soil exchange sites under the conditions of ETC experiment imposing blank water as leachate in steady-state flow. As pH decreased, the peak concentration of Zn increased due to the competition of Zn with hydrogen ions ($H^+$) and the concentrations of other cations decreased. The peak concentration of Zn was increased by 12.7 times as pH decreased from 7.7 to 4.1.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.11S
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• pp.3651-3667
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• 2000

Recently, in the distributed multimedia environments based on internet, as radical growing technologies, the most of researchers focus on both streaming technology and distributed object thchnology, Specially, the studies which are tried to integrate the streaming services on the distributed object technology have been progressing. These technologies are applied to various stream service mamgements and protocols. However, the stream service management mexlels which are being proposed by the existing researches are insufficient for suporting the QoS of stream services. Besides, the existing models have the problems that cannot support the extensibility and the reusability, when the QoS-reiatedfunctions are being developed as a sub-module which is suited on the specific-purpose application services. For solving these problems, in this paper. we suggested a QoS Integrated platform which can extend and reuse using the distributed object technologies, and guarantee the QoS of the stream services. A structure of platform we suggested consists of three components such as User Control Module(UCM), QoS Management Module(QoSM) and Stream Object. Stream Object has Send/Receive operations for transmitting the RTP packets over TCP/IP. User Control ModuleI(UCM) controls Stream Objects via the COREA service objects. QoS Management Modulel(QoSM) has the functions which maintain the QoS of stream service between the UCMs in client and server. As QoS control methexlologies, procedures of resource monitoring, negotiation, and resource adaptation are executed via the interactions among these comiXments mentioned above. For constmcting this QoS integrated platform, we first implemented the modules mentioned above independently, and then, used IDL for defining interfaces among these mexlules so that can support platform independence, interoperability and portability base on COREA. This platform is constructed using OrbixWeb 3.1c following CORBA specification on Solaris 2.5/2.7, Java language, Java, Java Media Framework API 2.0, Mini-SQL1.0.16 and multimedia equipments. As results for verifying this platform functionally, we showed executing results of each module we mentioned above, and a numerical data obtained from QoS control procedures on client and server's GUI, while stream service is executing on our platform.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.41-54
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• 2021

It is very essential to estimate the water body area using remote exploration for water resource management, analysis and prediction of water disaster damage. Hydrophysical detection using satellites has been mainly performed on large satellites equipped with optical and SAR sensors. However, due to the long repeat cycle, there is a limitation that timely utilization is impossible in the event of a disaster/disaster. With the recent active development of Micro satellites, it has served as an opportunity to overcome the limitations of time resolution centered on existing large satellites. The Micro satellites currently in active operation are ICEYE in Finland and Capella satellites in the United States, and are operated in the form of clusters for earth observation purposes. Due to clustering operation, it has a short revisit cycle and high resolution and has the advantage of being able to observe regardless of weather or day and night with the SAR sensor mounted. In this study, the operation status and characteristics of micro satellites were described, and the water area estimation technology optimized for micro SAR satellite images was applied to the Daecheong Dam basin on the Korean Peninsula. In addition, accuracy verification was performed based on the reference value of the water generated from the optical satellite Sentinel-2 satellite as a reference. In the case of the Capella satellite, the smallest difference in area was shown, and it was confirmed that all three images showed high correlation. Through the results of this study, it was confirmed that despite the low NESZ of Micro satellites, it is possible to estimate the water area, and it is believed that the limitations of water resource/water disaster monitoring using existing large SAR satellites can be overcome.