• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 1991

The results of the investigation of literature were summerized as follows ; 1. Information of voice, the pharynx, the larynx, the epiglottis, the uvula and the hyoid bone were concerned. 2. In disorders of voice and speech, Lung channel, Stomach channel, Spleen channel, Heart channel, Liver channel, Kidney channel, Im channel (任脈), and Chung channel (衝脈) were concerned. 3. The disorders of voice and speech were showed as follows ; aphonia, ashasia, seong-shi (?嘶), seom-eo(?語) kwang-eo (狂語), jeong-seong (鄭?), dok-eo (獨語) and chak-eo (錯語). 4. The cause of Aphonia and Aphasia were freauently as follows ; abnormal rising of Liver energy (肝邪暴逆), excessive heart fire (心火太過), deficiency of heart-blood (心血太虛), apoplexy of heart spleen (心脾俱中風), consumption of lung fluid caused by heat evil (肺津被灼), deficiency of lung energy (肺氣虛寒) and dificiency of kidney energy (腎虛). 5. The cause of seom-eo, kwang-eo, Jeong-seong were as follows ; the heart of stomach (胃中熱), the heat evil attach the blood chamber (血人血室) and the consumption of healthy energy (精氣奪). 6. In disorders of voice and speech, flaceid tong with aphasia (舌?) and aphasia due to throat disease (喉?) were divided.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.167-171
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• 2016

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common medical disorder with serious complications if untreated. Dentists play a vital role in the early diagnosis of this condition, thereby improving patients' prognoses. The purpose of this study was to identify patients with a high risk of OSA using simple cephalometric measurements in patients receiving routine dental care. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 206 patients divided into a high-risk group and a control group after answering the Berlin questionnaire. Cephalometric analysis of a digital cephalogram was performed to measure the upper airway diameter (UAD) and mandibular-to-hyoid bone distance (MP-H) by 2 observers at 2 different times. Results: Among 206 patients, 93 (45%) were included in the high-risk group and 113 (55%) were in the control group. No significant difference was present between the groups with regard to gender, and the patients ranged in age from 18 to 65 years. The UAD measurements in the high-risk group were significantly lower than in the control group, and the MP-H measurements were significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the control group. The UAD was lower in middle-aged patients in both groups. Conclusion: Our study found that the UAD was lower in individuals with a high risk of OSA. Also, we found that middle-aged individuals of both genders were more likely to develop OSA. Dentists play a vital role in diagnosing patients at a high risk for OSA via thorough clinical examinations, risk factor analyses, and simple cephalometric analyses.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.395-408
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• 2016

We report a case involving a young female patient with severe mandibular retrognathism accompanied by mandibular condylar deformity that was effectively treated with Le Fort I osteotomy and two genioplasty procedures. At 9 years and 9 months of age, she was diagnosed with Angle Class III malocclusion, a skeletal Class II jaw relationship, an anterior crossbite, congenital absence of some teeth, and a left-sided cleft lip and palate. Although the anterior crossbite and narrow maxillary arch were corrected by interceptive orthodontic treatment, severe mandibular hypogrowth resulted in unexpectedly severe mandibular retrognathism after growth completion. Moreover, bilateral condylar deformities were observed, and we suspected progressive condylar resorption (PCR). There was a high risk of further condylar resorption with mandibular advancement surgery; therefore, Le Fort I osteotomy with two genioplasty procedures was performed to achieve counterclockwise rotation of the mandible and avoid ingravescence of the condylar deformities. The total duration of active treatment was 42 months. The maxilla was impacted by 7.0 mm and 5.0 mm in the incisor and molar regions, respectively, while the pogonion was advanced by 18.0 mm. This significantly resolved both skeletal disharmony and malocclusion. Furthermore, the hyoid bone was advanced, the pharyngeal airway space was increased, and the morphology of the mandibular condyle was maintained. At the 30-month follow-up examination, the patient exhibited a satisfactory facial profile. The findings from our case suggest that severe mandibular retrognathism with condylar deformities can be effectively treated without surgical mandibular advancement, thus decreasing the risk of PCR.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.565-569
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• 2001

A new surgical approach to the area of the infratemporal fossa and parapharyngeal space is described. This approach results in a wide-field exposure of the infratemporal fossa, pterygomaxillary space and parapharyngeal space. We used two osteotomies on the patient's mandible and temporary resection of zygomatic arch for superior margin of tumor. Lower lip splitting was not needed because the incision was started in the frontal scalp, curved in front of and below the external auditary canal, and extended anteriorly to the greater horn of hyoid bone on the neck along a skin crease. We had good results without sacrifice of the facial nerve, mandibular function and sensory supply of the face and oral cavity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.295-304
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• 2012

Objectives: Lateral cephalometry, computed tomography (CT) and full-night polysomnography were used to examine the correlation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. Materials and Methods: A total of 29 patients (5 females, 24 males) diagnosed with OSA were evaluated by lateral cephalometry, CT and full-night polysomnography. Lateral cephalometry was performed in the closed and open mouth states. The radiographic and polysomnography measurements of the patients with OSA were evaluated statistically to determine the association with OSA severity. Results: A significant relationship was observed between the increased respiratory disturbance index and closing lateral cephalometry. With mouth opening, the airway space narrowed and the OSA worsened. Lateral cephalometry revealed OSA patients to have an inferiorly positioned hyoid bone, longer-than-normal soft palate and narrowing airway space. As OSA was severe, the airway shape was ovoid in the CT horizontal view. Conclusion: Polysomnography and the radiographic parameter can be used for diagnosing OSA.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 1995

Clincal observation was made on 76 cases of thyroglossal duct cyst and fistula with brief review of literature. All of the cases were diagnosed and treated surgically in Kyung Hee University Hospital from 1971 to 1993. The following results were obtained. 1) Most cases were under 20 years old(72.3%). and 49(64.5%) cases were male and 27(35.5%) cases were female. 2) Morphologically cystic type were found in 60(78.9%) cases and fistula type were 16(21.1%) cases. 3) Fluctuating cystic mass and pus discharge from fistula on just below the hyoid bone at midline of anterior neck were most common symptoms and signs. 4) 9(11.8%) cases were recurrent type and 4(5.3%) cases were recurred twice, at the time of first visit. 5) There were 2(2.6%) cases of having connection with the thyroid gland which were identified grossly on the operation field. 6) The entire cases were operated according to the Sistrunk procedure under the general anesthesia. 7) There was no recurrence and other complication except 4(5.3%) cases of wound infection.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.149-165
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• 1999

The pathomechanism of obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is not clearly elucidated. The possible mechanisms are pathologic reduction of pharyngeal muscular tonus during sleep, abnormal anatomical stenosis of nasopharyx or a combination of the above two mechanisms. It is very important to find the cause(anatomical location or pathologic dynamic change) of OSA in order to treat it. Cephalometric analysis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea is a good method for evaluating anatomical morphologic change but it cannot give any information about the dynamic changes occurring during sleep. On the contrary, nasopharyngeal endoscopy offer 3 dimensional image and information about the dynamic changes. Accordingly, these two diagnostic tools can be utilize in the diagnosis and treatment planning of OSA Cephalometric analysis of craniofacial skeletal and soft tissue morphology in 53 patients with OSA and 43 controls was performed and cephalometric analysis and nasopharygeal endoscopy were performed in 9 patients with OSA in order to come up with individualized therapy plans. Following results were obtained ; Patients with OSA showed 1. body weight gain 2. clockwise mandibular rotation 3. increased anterior lower facial height 4. inferiorly positioned hyoid bone 5. increased length of soft palate 6. decreased sagittal dimension of nasopharyx 7. increased vertical length of inferior collapsable nasopharyx 8. increased length of tongue Through cephalometric analysis and nasopharygeal endoscopy(mutually cooperative in diagnosis), 9. one can find the possible origin of OSA and make a adequate individualized therapy plan and predict accurate prognosis. Cephalometric analysis and nasopharygeal endoscopy are highly recommended as a diagnostic aid in OSA patients

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.135-143
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate polysomnographic and cephalometric characteristics of patients with OSA according to obesity level based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific BMI criteria. Methods: One hundred and thirty-one consecutive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were evaluated using standard level 1 polysomnography and cephalometric analyses. The subjects were categorized into normal, overweight and obese groups according to the WHO Asian-Pacific BMI criteria. Respiratory indices and cephalometric parameters were compared among groups. Results: The 131 patients consisted of 111 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 44.1±12.4 years. The mean value of BMI was 25.3±3.4 kg/m² for all subjects, 20.6±2.2 kg/m² for normal (n=27), 24.0±0.5 kg/m² for overweight (n=33) and 27.6±2.2 kg/m² for obese (n=71). The obese group had a significantly higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and respiratory arousal index and lower oxygen saturation level than the normal group (p<0.05). Total AHI, mean oxygen saturation level and respiratory arousal index were significantly correlated with BMI (p<0.001). A longer soft palate and anterior position of the hyoid bone were significantly correlated with BMI level (p ≤0.05). Conclusions: Obese patients have a higher risk of compromised craniofacial skeletal features and soft tissue structures, and severe OSA than non-obese patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1508-1515
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• 1992

Between 1975 and 1992, forty five patients with trachea stenosis received tracheoplasty for relief of obstruction. The causes of airway problem are brain contusion[19 cases, 40%], cerebrovascular disease[3 cases, 7%], drug intoxication[8 cases, 18%], psychotic problem[2 cases, 4%], trachea tumor[3 cases, 7%], adult respiratory distress syndrome[9 cases, 20%] and direct trauma[1 case, 2%]. Direct causes of trachea stenosis were complications of tracheostomy[36 cases, 80%], complications of nasotracheal intubation[5 cases, 11%], tumor[3 cases, 6%] and trauma[1 case, 2%]. Thirty one patients underwent the sleeve resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Five patients performed a wedge resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Forteen patients received the Montgomery T-tube for relief of airway obstruction. Four patients have done simple excision of granulation tissue. Two, subglottic stenosis patients were received Rethi procedure[anterior division of cricoid cartilage, wedge partial resection of lower thyroid cartilage and Montgomery T-tube molding] and the other subglottic stenosis patient underwent permanent trachea fenestration. Including cervical flexion in all patients postoperatively, additional surgical techniques for obtain tension-free anastomosis were hyoid bone release technique in two cases, and hilar mobilization, division of inferior pulmonary ligament and mobilization of pulmonary vessel at the pericardium were performed in one case. Cervical approach was used in 39 cases, cervicomediastinal in 12 cases and transthoracic in one case. Complications of tracheoplasty were formation of granulation tissue at the anastomosis site[3 cases], restenosis[9 cases], trachea-innominate artery fistula[2 cases], wound infection[2 cases], separation of anastomosis[2 cases], air leakage[3 cases], injury to a recurrent laryngeal nerve[temporary 8 cases, permanent 2 cases] and hypoxemia[1 case]. Surgical mortality for resection with primary reconstruction was 6.7%, with one death due to postoperative respiratory failure and two deaths due to tracheo-innominate artery fistula.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.37-49
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• 1999

Forty-four females with normal temporomandibular joint were compared with fifty-one females with abnormal temporomandibular joint. An orthodontic study model and lateral cephalometric radiographic were used to investigate the relationship between TMD group and non-TMD group in long face patterns. The result were followed that ; 1. There were no significant in overbite and overjet amount. 2. A mandibular 1'st molar inclination and height to the mandibualr plane were more mesial inclined in TMD groups. 3. The functional factors, which were craniocervical posture , tongue posture and hyoid bone position, were no significant.