• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2019

This paper describes an experimental investigation on hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HYFRC) beams. And the main aim of this present paper is to examine the dynamic characteristics and damage evaluation of undamaged and damaged HYFRC beams under free-free constraints. In this experimental work, totally four RC beams were cast and analyzed in order to evaluate the dynamic behavior as well as static load behavior of HYFRCs. Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete beams have been cast by incorporating two different fibers such as steel and polypropylene (PP). Damage of HYFRC beams was obtained by cracking of concrete for one of the beams in each set under four-point bending tests with different percentage variation of damage levels as 50%, 70% and 90% of maximum ultimate load. And the main dynamic characteristics such as damping, fundamental natural frequencies, mode shapes and frequency response function at each and every damage level has been assessed by means of non-destructive technique (NDT) with hammer excitation. The fundamental natural frequency and damping values obtained through dynamic tests for HYFRC beams were compared with control (reference) RC beam at each level of damage which has been acquired through static tests. The static experimental test results emphasize that the HYFRC beam has attained higher ultimate load as compared with control reinforced concrete beam.

• Composites Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.226-232
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• 2021

In this paper, development of tape-springs made of composite materials was conducted for the deployment structures along with design, analysis, fabrication, and numerical and experimental investigation of mechanical behavior of the tape-springs. To this end, the tape-springs were manufactured according to three stacking patterns, and numerical and experimental investigation were conducted to determine whether or not they were damaged during bending with various selected composite materials. Finally, optimal stacking patterns that do not cause damage were selected during bending. With this information, the four-point bending test was conducted to obtain the moment-rotation curves. From results, it was confirmed that the nonlinear hysteresis phenomenon of the tape-springs was properly realized according to folding and unfolding. Therefore, it was confirmed that the composite material tape spring was properly developed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.6 s.83
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• pp.731-738
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of 3 point bending properties of various nickel titanium wires after recycling. Four Types of nickel-titanium (Align: martensitic type, NiTi, Optimalloy, Sentalloy: austenitic type) wires were divided to three groups: as-received condition (T0: control group), treated in artificial saliva for four weeks (T1) and autoclaved after being treated in artificial saliva (T2). Detrimental changes were observed for the selected mechanical properties in three point bending test. Loading force at 3mm deflection, unloading force at 3mm deflection, stress hysteresis, loading force at 1mm deflection, unloading force at 1mm deflection and stress hysteresis at 1mm deflection were calculated. The findings suggest that : 1. Align demonstrated statistically significant increase In loading force (p<0.05) and unloading force (p<0.01) at 3mm deflection after recycling(T2), but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically difference after recycling. 2. Align demonstrated statistically significant decrease in hysteresis(p<0.01) after recycling(T2) but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically significant difference after recycling. 3. All wires showed no statistically significant difference in loading force at 1mm deflection after recycling(T2). 4. Align demonstrated statistically significant decrease in unloading force in 1mm deflection (p<0.05) after recycling(T2) but NiTi, Optimalloy and Sentalloy showed no statistically difference after recycling 5. Loading force and unloading force of T1 showed no significant change compared with those of T0, but loading force and unloading force of T2 showed significant changes compared with those of T0(p<0.05, p<0.01 respectively). 6. Align demonstrated a tendency to lose some of this pseudoelasticity in T1 and pseudoplasticity and pseudoelasticity in T2.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2016

Purpose: Direct splinting material should have high flexural strength to withstand force during mastication and low modulus of elasticity to provide some movement while force applied for relief of stress. The purpose of this study was to compare flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of several resinous splinting materials. Materials and Methods: Four materials; Super-Bond C&B, G-FIX, G-aenial Universal Flo, FiltekTM Z350 XT; were used in this study. Fifteen rectangular bar specimens of each material were prepared. Three-point bending test were performed to determine physical properties. Maximum load at fracture was recorded and flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's tests at a 0.05 level of significance were conducted on all test results. Results: Statistical analysis reveals that Super-Bond C&B had significant low mean value for flexible strength and the other three materials showed no significant difference. For modulus of elasticity, Super-Bond C&B exhibited statistically lower modulus of elasticity. G-FIX presented intermediate result, showing statistically higher modulus of elasticity than Super-Bond C&B but lower than G-aenial Universal Flo and FiltekTM Z350 XT. There was no significant difference on modulus of elasticity between G-aenial Universal Flo and FiltekTM Z350 XT. Conclusion: Using a G-FIX, the newly commercially available splinting material, which shows higher fracture resistance properties comparable to flowable and restorative composite resin and a relatively flexible nature might be a beneficial for stabilizing teeth mobility.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.549-557
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• 2021

Nowadays, strengthening of buildings is an inclusive and effective field in civil engineering that is not only applicable to the buildings but also it can be developed for the bridges. Rehabilitation and strengthening of structures are highly recommended for the existing structures due to the alter in codes and provisions as well as buildings' use change. Extensive surveys have been conducted in this field in the world that propose wide variety of methods for strengthening of structures. In recent years, more specific researches have been carried out that present novel materials for rehabilitation beside proposing methods and performing techniques. In the current study, a novel technique for developing the bending capacity of reinforced concrete beams to enhance their performance as well as rehabilitating and reforming the performance of reinforced concrete beams with nonstandard lap splices, has been proposed. In this method, a post-tensioned concrete layer is added to the side face of the concrete beams built in 1:1 scale. Results reveals that addition of the post-tensioned layer enhances the beams' performance and covers their weaknesses. In this method, 18 reinforced concrete beams were prepared for the bending test which were subjected to the four-point pushover test after they were reinforced. The testing process ended when the samples reached complete failure status. Results show that the performance and flexural capacity of reinforced beams without lap splice is improved 22.7% compared to the samples without the post-tensioned layer, while it is enhanced up to at least 80% compared to the reinforced beams with nonstandard lap splice. Furthermore, the location of plastic hinges formation was transformed from the beam's mid-span to the 1/3 of span's end and the beam's cracking pattern was significantly improved.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.631-639
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• 2017

This study experimentally investigated the flexural capacity of a concrete beam reinforced with a newly developed GFRP bar that overcomes the lower modulus of elasticity and bond strength compared to a steel bar. The GFRP bar was fabricated by thermosetting a braided pultrusion process to form the outer fiber ribs. The mechanical properties of the modulus of elasticity and bond strength were enhanced compared with those of commercial GFRP bars. In the four-point bending test results, all specimens failed according to the intended failure mode due to flexural design in compliance with ACI 440.1R-15. The effects of the reinforcement ratio and concrete compressive strength were investigated. Equations from the code were used to predict the deflection, and they overestimated the deflection compared with the experimental results. A modified model using two coefficients was developed to provide much better predictive ability, even when the effective moment of inertia was less than the theoretical $I_{cr}$. The deformability of the test beams satisfied the specified value of 4.0 in compliance with CSA S6-10. A modified effective moment of inertia with two correction factors was proposed and it could provide much better predictability in prediction even at the effective moment of inertia less than that of theoretical cracked moment of inertia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

This paper presents the results of a study on flexural capacity of large size RC slabs strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) plates. A total of 5 specimens of 6.0m length were tested in four point bending after strengthening them with externally bonded CFRP plates. The CFRP plates were bonded without prestress and with two prestress levels, 0.4% and 0.6% of CFRP plate strain. Test variables included the type of strengthening, prestressing level, and the effects according to each test variables are analysed. The experimental results show that proposed methods can increase significantly the flexural capacity such as strength, stiffness of the beam and the increase ranged between 36.2% and 63.2% of the load-carrying capacity of the control beams. The non-prestressed specimen failed by separation of the plate from the beam due to premature debonding while most of the prestressed specimens failed by CFRP plate fracture. And the cracking loads and maximum loads were increased proportionally to the prestress level.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.257-269
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the flexural performance of hybrid fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (HFRSCC) having different ratio of micro and macro steel fiber. A total of five mixtures are prepared. In all mixtures, the sum of the steel fiber content is 1% and also water/binder ratio is kept constant. The amount of high range water reducer admixture (HRWRA) is arranged to satisfy the workability criteria of self-compacting concrete. Four-point bending test is carried out to analyze the flexural performance of the mixtures at 28 and 56 curing days. From the obtained load-deflection curves, the load carrying capacity, deflection and toughness values are investigated according to ASTM C1609, ASTM C1018 and JSCE standards. The mixtures containing higher ratio of macro steel fiber exhibit numerous micro-cracks and, thus, deflection-hardening response is observed. The mixture containing 1% micro steel fiber shows worst performance in the view of all flexural parameters. An improvement is observed in the aspect of toughness and load carrying capacity as the macro steel fiber content increases. The test results based on the standards are also compared taking account of abovementioned standards.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.517-532
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• 2020

This paper firstly developed a new type of Double Skin Composite (DSC) beams using novel enhanced C-channels (ECs). The shear behaviour of novel ECs was firstly studied through two push-out tests. Eleven full-scale DSC beams with ECs (DSCB-ECs) were tested under four-point loading to study their ultimate strength behaviours, and the studied parameters were thickness of steel faceplate, spacing of ECs, shear span, and strength of concrete core. Test results showed that all the DSCB-ECs failed in flexure-governed mode, which confirmed the effective bonding of ECs. The working mechanisms of DSCB-ECs with different parameters were reported, analysed and discussed. The load-deflection (or strain) behaviour of DSCB-ECs were also detailed reported. The effects of studied parameters on ultimate strength behaviour of DSCB-ECs have been discussed and analysed. Including the experimental studies, this paper also developed theoretical models to predict the initial stiffness, elastic stiffness, cracking, yielding, and ultimate loads of DSCB-ECs. Validations of predictions against 11 test results proved the reasonable estimations of the developed theoretical models on those stiffness and strength indexes. Finally, conclusions were given based on these tests and analysis.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.17-24
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• 2008

Thermal annealing and electromigration test were performed at $150^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C,\;5{\times}10^4\;A/cm^2$ conditions, respectively, in order to compare the growth kinetics of intermetallic compound(IMC) in Cu pillar bump. The quantitative interfacial adhesion energy with annealing was measured by using four-point bending strength test in order to assess the effect of IMC growth on the mechanical reliability of Cu pillar bump. Only $Cu_6Sn_5$ was observed in the Cu pillar/Sn interface after reflow. However, $Cu_3Sn$ formed and grew at Cu pillar/$Cu_6Sn_5$ interface with increasing annealing and stressing time. The growth kinetics of total($Cu_6Sn_5+Cu_3Sn$) IMC changed when all Sn phases in Cu pillar bump were exhausted. The complete consumption time of Sn phase in electromigration condition was faster than that in annealing condition. The quantitative interfacial adhesion energy after 24h at $180^{\circ}C$ was $0.28J/m^2$ while it was $3.37J/m^2$ before annealing. Therefore, the growth of IMC seem to strongly affect the mechanical reliability of Cu pillar bump.