• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.67-83
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether preschoolers' self-compassion mediates the effects of mothers' emotional expression and self-compassion on preschoolers' emotional regulation abilities in children aged 4 to 6 years. Methods: The study included 305 mothers residing in City J who were raising preschoolers aged 4 to 6. Data collected were analyzed for the significance of the mediating effects among the main variables using the GLM Mediation Model in the JAMM package of the Jamovi 2.3.16 statistical program. Results: Firstly, statistically significant positive and negative correlations were found among the main variables. Secondly, preschoolers' positive self-compassion was found to partially mediate the relationship between mothers' positive emotional expression and preschoolers' emotional regulation abilities. Furthermore, preschoolers' negative self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between mothers' negative emotional expressions and preschoolers' emotional regulation abilities. Conclusion/Implications: This study identified parental and child variables influencing preschoolers' emotional regulation abilities and discussed intervention strategies for education and counseling to enhance these abilities.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.427-435
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to investigate facial temperature changes induced by facial expression and emotional state in order to recognize a persons emotion using facial thermal images. Background: Facial thermal images have two advantages compared to visual images. Firstly, facial temperature measured by thermal camera does not depend on skin color, darkness, and lighting condition. Secondly, facial thermal images are changed not only by facial expression but also emotional state. To our knowledge, there is no study to concurrently investigate these two sources of facial temperature changes. Method: 231 students participated in the experiment. Four kinds of stimuli inducing anger, fear, boredom, and neutral were presented to participants and the facial temperatures were measured by an infrared camera. Each stimulus consisted of baseline and emotion period. Baseline period lasted during 1min and emotion period 1~3min. In the data analysis, the temperature differences between the baseline and emotion state were analyzed. Eyes, mouth, and glabella were selected for facial expression features, and forehead, nose, cheeks were selected for emotional state features. Results: The temperatures of eyes, mouth, glanella, forehead, and nose area were significantly decreased during the emotional experience and the changes were significantly different by the kind of emotion. The result of linear discriminant analysis for emotion recognition showed that the correct classification percentage in four emotions was 62.7% when using both facial expression features and emotional state features. The accuracy was slightly but significantly decreased at 56.7% when using only facial expression features, and the accuracy was 40.2% when using only emotional state features. Conclusion: Facial expression features are essential in emotion recognition, but emotion state features are also important to classify the emotion. Application: The results of this study can be applied to human-computer interaction system in the work places or the automobiles.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.563-571
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• 2017

본 연구는 디지털 환경에 적용될 수 있는 디지털 눈 콘텐츠의 감성 표현 요소를 정립하는데 목적이 있다. 특히, 스마트 인형의 적용 가능한 감성을 도출하고, 각 감성에 대한 표현 요소의 가이드라인을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위하여 첫째, 문헌 정보, 애니메이션, 실제 사람의 영상을 바탕으로 눈으로 표현되는 감성 표현에 대한 개념 및 특징을 연구한다. 둘째, FGI를 통해 스마트 인형의 디지털 눈에 필요한 6가지 감정 -Happy, Angry, Sad, Relaxed, Sexy, Pure-을 정의하고, 각 감성에 따른 표현 요소를 추출하였다. 셋째, 추출된 요소를 분석하여 디지털 눈의 감성 표현에 대한 가이드라인을 정립하였다. 연구 결과 각 감성을 구분하고 표현하기 위한 요소는 눈매, 시선, 홍채 크기, 특수 효과의 총 4가지로 나타났고 각 감성 별로 구분되는 요소별 정의와 특징을 도출하였다. 얼굴 표정에 있어서 가장 중요한 요소인 눈에 대한 감성 표현 연구는 애니메이션을 포함한 디지털 콘텐츠와 로봇, 스마트 인형 등의 감성 커뮤니케이션 효과를 높일 수 있는 방법으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2024

In the context of contemporary digital media, virtual influencers have become an increasingly important form of socialization and entertainment, in which emotional expression is a key factor in attracting viewers. In this study, we take Luo Tianyi, a Chinese virtual influencer, as an example to explore how emotions are expressed and perceived through facial expressions in different types of videos. Using Paul Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and six basic emotion classifications, the study systematically analyzes Luo Tianyi's emotional expressions in three types of videos, namely Music show, Festivals and Brand Cooperation. During the study, Luo Tianyi's facial expressions and emotional expressions were analyzed through rigorous coding and categorization, as well as matching the context of the video content. The results show that Enjoyment is the most frequently expressed emotion by Luo Tianyi, reflecting the centrality of positive emotions in content creation. Meanwhile, the presence of other emotion types reveals the virtual influencer's efforts to create emotionally rich and authentic experiences. The frequency and variety of emotions expressed in different video genres indicate Luo Tianyi's diverse strategies for communicating and connecting with viewers in different contexts. The study provides an empirical basis for understanding and utilizing virtual influencers' emotional expressions, and offers valuable insights for digital media content creators to design emotional expression strategies. Overall, this study is valuable for understanding the complexity of virtual influencer emotional expression and its importance in digital media strategy.

• 감성과학
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2023

Emojis and avatars are widely used in online communications, but their emotional conveyance lacks research. This study aims to contribute to the field of emotional expression in computer-mediated communication (CMC) by exploring the effectiveness of emotion recognition, the intensity of perceived emotions, and the perceived preferences for emojis and avatars as emotional expression tools. The following were used as stimuli: 12 photographs from the Yonsei-Face database, 12 Memojis that reflected the photographs, and 6 iOS emojis. The results of this study indicate that emojis outperformed other forms of emotional expression in terms of conveying emotions, intensity, and preference. Indeed, the study findings confirm that emojis remain the dominant form of emotional signals in CMC. In contrast, the study revealed that Memojis were inadequate as an expressive emotional cue. Participants did not perceive Memojis to effectively convey emotions compared with other forms of expression, such as emojis or real human faces. This suggests room for improvement in the design and implementation of Memojis to enhance their effectiveness in accurately conveying intended emotions. Addressing the limitations of Memojis and exploring ways to optimize their emotional expressiveness necessitate further research and development in avatar design.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.727-737
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the levels of emotional labor and occupational stress and their relationships in dental counselors to improve psychological health related with dental counseling. Methods : The questionnaire survey was conducted to 167 dental counselors working at dental clinics in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do from June to August, 2012. The study used emotional labor questionnaires and Korean Occupational Job Stress Scale (Basic Version, KOSS-43) as an assessment scale. All respondents were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using SAS(ver 9.2). Results : The levels of occupational stress and emotional labor in dental counselors were $47.26{\pm}8.36$ and $3.45{\pm}0.47$. Three subscales of emotional labor as frequency of emotional expression, attention of emotional expression norms and disharmony of emotion were related with occupational stress in dental counselors. The level of job stress was increased by the lower level of emotional expression and increased by the higher levels of emotional expression and disharmony of emotion. Conclusions : In addition to increasing the number of counselors, nurturing counseling workforce is essential to manage the job stress of dental counselors. Sufficient counseling with a patient in a comfortable counseling environment is important to reduce the job stress by emotional labor. Continuous service improvement through positive emotional service education is necessary to be implemented for counselors.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.389-400
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• 2014

This study identified the mediating effect of the child's emotional expression on the relationship between the mother's empathy and the child's prosocial behavior. The participants included 310 mothers of children between the ages of 2 and 5 from two kindergartens and four day care centers located in Gyeonggi-do. The mother's empathy was measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The child's prosocial behavior was measured using the Preschoolers' Prosocial Behavior Index. The child's emotional expression was assessed using a questionnaire from previous research. First, older mothers and less educated mothers showed a higher level of empathy. Mothers over the age of 30 were more likely to have the ability to imagine other roles in movies or books, and to show empathic concern than those under 36. Mothers without a college degree showed a higher level of perspective-taking than those with a college degree. Second, girls were more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors and show emotional expressions than boys. Three-year-old children were more likely to share than two-year-old children, showed more initiative than two- and four-year-old children. Third, the mother's perspective-taking and empathic concern were significantly related to the child's prosocial behavior and emotional expression. The mother's personal distress was related to the child's control over emotions and awareness of other's emotion. Finally, the child's emotional expression had a mediating effect on the relationship between the mother's empathy and the child's prosocial behavior.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.145-158
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of socio-demographic variables, family emotional environment and maternal discipline style on school children's emotional regulation. Subjects of this study consisted 953 elementary school students drawn from 4 elementary schools in Cheong-ju city and Cheongwon-gun. Data were analyzed by the methods frequency, percentage, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical regression using SPSSWIN 12.0 program. The results of this study were as follows: First, girls used greater problem-focused coping than boys did. Children in sixth grade used more problem-focused coping regulation compared to those in fourth grade. When children perceived higher level of family communication, emotional support, participation of family rituals, family worries, and parental conflict, they were more likely to use problem-focused coping. Additionally, both maternal supportive discipline and behavioral controlling discipline styles increased children's problem-focused coping. Second, girls presented greater emotional venting than boys did. Children in sixth grade expressed higher level of emotional venting compared to those in fourth grade. While family communication, family worries, and parental conflict increased children's emotional venting, family emotional support and participation of family rituals decreased it. Only mothers' psychological controlling discipline positively predicted children's emotional venting. Third, girls presented higher level of children's aggressive expression than boys did. The lower level of family support increased children's aggressive expression. Higher level of family worries and parental conflict increased it as well. Also, children's aggressive expression was positively predicted by mothers' psychological controlling discipline. Fourth, girls presented greater avoidance than boys did. Children in sixth grade expressed higher level of emotional avoidance compared to those in fourth grade. In family emotional environment, while family support lowered children's emotional avoidance, family worries and parental conflict increased it. Moreover, mothers' psychological and behavioral controlling discipline styles positively explained children's emotional avoidance. In conclusion, family emotional environment was the strongest factor to predict school children's emotional regulation among other variables.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2017

본 연구는, 발전하는 3D 애니메이션 영상산업의 캐릭터 개발과 관련하여, 심리변화를 중심으로 감정의 표현방법을 위한 캐릭터의 외형별 특징 분석에 대한 연구로, 2015년 픽사의 인사이드 아웃을 중심으로 심리의 시각적 형태를 위한 5명 캐릭터의 감성별 외형 특징을 대상으로 분석논문을 진행하였다. 이를 위해 선행연구로 인간의 심리적 범주의 변화를 심리학자 Paul Ekman과 Robert Plutchik의 기본감정을 연구배경으로 선택, 이를 바탕으로 애니메이션 인사이드아웃 속 사춘기 소녀의 심리요소를 대표하는 다섯 캐릭터의 외형적 특징 요소를 감성별 표정변화와 감성별 색상변화를 심리적 관점에서 접근, 시각적인 표현의 방식에 대하여 분석하였다. 본 연구는 3D 애니메이션 제작과 관련하여 감성 표현을 통한 캐릭터 설정에 필수적인 외형 특징 연구가 필요하다고 판단, 향후 애니메이션 제작을 위한 차별화된 캐릭터 설정 및 개발에 필요한 가이드라인을 제시하는 것에 본 연구의 목적과 의의를 두었다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.392-403
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 정서조절전략이 외상후 성장에 미치는 영향을 확인하고, 정서표현억제전략과 외상후 성장과의 관계에서 외상 경험에 대한 자기개방과 사회적 지지의 순차적 다중매개 효과를 확인하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 만 18세 이상의 성인을 대상으로 설문을 하여, 663명(남자 222명, 여자 441명)의 자료가 최종 통계분석에 사용되었다. SPSS Process Macro로 분석한 결과, 정서표현억제전략을 덜 사용할수록 외상후 성장이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 정서표현억제전략과 외상후 성장과의 관계에서 자기개방의 단순매개효과, 정서표현억제전략과 외상후 성장과의 관계에서 자기개방과 사회적 지지의 순차적 다중매개효과를 확인하였다. 이는 정서조절전략으로서 정서표현억제를 적게 사용하는 사람들일수록 외상경험에 대해 자기개방을 많이 함으로써 주위 사람들의 위로와 지지를 받게 되어, 외상후 성장에 이를 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 이는 외상후 성장에 있어 정서적 자기개방과 사회적 지지가 중요함을 확인한 것이다. 평소에 정서표현을 억제하는 비자발적 내담자를 위한 외상후 성장을 촉진할 수 있는 상담현장에서의 개입방법을 제시하였고, 본 연구의 의의 및 한계점, 후속연구의 방향에 대해 제언하였다.