• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.190-199
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• 2008

북동태평양 열대 해양의 해수특성과 해양구조를 파악하기 위하여 2005년 7-8월에 $131.5^{\circ}W$ 관측선에서 관측한 CTD 자료를 분석하였다. 또한 적도 부근 태평양의 해수특성을 전반적으로 이해하기 위하여 서태평양 $137^{\circ}-142^{\circ}E$에서의 CTD 자료도 분석하여 동태평양의 분석 결과와 비교하였다. 여름철 동태평양의 표층수온은 적도반류 해역에서 가장 높았다. 이것은 $28^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온수가 봄과 여름철에 적도반류를 타고 서태평양으로부터 동태평양으로 이동하여 약 $4^{\circ}-15^{\circ}N$ 사이에서 동서로 연결되기 때문이다. 북적도해류의 표층에 나타나는 저염분 고용존산소의 해수는 동태평양의 파나마만으로부터 서태평양의 필리핀 부근까지 이동하는 저염분수 때문이다. 반면 남적도해류의 표층에 고염분과 저용존산소의 해수가 분포하는 것은 남태평양 아열대 기원의 고염분수가 적도를 넘어 남적도해류 표층의 열대해수(Tropical Water)와 심층의 고염분수를 형성하고 있기 때문이다. 수심 약 500-1500 m 사이의 중층에서는 염분최소층이 분포하는데, $5^{\circ}N$ 이남은 남극중층수(AAIW) 기원의 해수가, $5^{\circ}N$ 이북은 북태평양중층수(NPIW) 기원의 해수가 분포한다. $4^{\circ}-6^{\circ}N$ 해역에서는 직경 약 200 km이며 반시계 방향으로 회전하는 냉수성 소용돌이(cold eddy)가 관측되었다. 서태평양에 비해 동태평양에서 표층수온은 $1^{\circ}C$ 이상 낮았으며 표층염분은 높았다. 적도 부근의 표층 아래에 분포하는 고염분수는 동태평양에서 상대적으로 저염분(약 0.5 psu) 이었고, $14^{\circ}N$ 이남에서 염분최소층의 염분과 밀도는 동태평양에서 높았다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2004

To investigate latitudinal variations in the zooplankton community along the meridian line ($5^{\circ}N-12^{\circ}N$, $131.5^{\circ}W$), we measured temperature, salinity, nitrate, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton at depths above 200 m from July $10^{th}$ to $25^{th}$, 2003. For comparative analysis, data of the physico-chemical properties and chl-a were matched to the two sampling depths (surface mixed layer and thermocline depth-200 m) of zooplankton. Latitudinal differences in the mesozooplankton distribution were mainly influenced by divergence formed at a boundary line formed by currents of opposing directions, consisting of North Equatorial Current (NEC) and North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC). High concentrations of chl-a south of $9^{\circ}N$, caused by equatorial upwelling related nutrients, is thought to be affected by the role of this divergence barrier, supported by relatively low concentrations in waters north of $9^{\circ}N$. The latitudinal differences of the chl-a were significantly associated with the major groups of zooplankton, namely calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, appendicularians, ostracods, chaetognaths, invertebrate larvae, and others. And temperature significantly affected the latitudinal variation of radiolarians, siphonophores, salps and immature copepods. The latitudinal differences in the two factors, temperature and chl-a, which explained 71.0% of the total zooplankton variation, were characterized by the equatorial upwelling as well as the divergence at $9^{\circ}N$. The physical characteristics also affected the community structure and abundance of zooplankton as well as average ratios of cyclopoid versus calanoid copepods. The abundance of dominant copepods, which were consistent with chl-a, were often associated with the carnivorous zooplankton chaetognaths, implying the relative importance of bottom-up regulation from physical properties to predatory zooplankton during the study period. These results suggested that latitudinal distribution of zooplankton is primarily controlled by current-related divergences, while biological processes are of secondary importance in the northeastern Equatorial Pacific during the study period in question.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.395-405
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• 2006

We measured the fugacity of $CO_2$ $(fCO_2)$, temperature, salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll a in the surface water of the western North Pacific $(4^{\circ}30'{\sim}33^{\circ}10'N,\;144^{\circ}20'{\sim}127^{\circ}35'E)$ in September 2002. There were zonally several major currents which have characteristics of specific temperature and salinity (NECC, North Equatorial Counter Current; NEC, North Equatorial Current; Kuroshio etc.). Surface $fCO_2$ distribution was clearly distinguished into two groups, tropical and subtropical areas of which boundary was $20^{\circ}N$. In the tropical Int surface $fCO_2$ was mainly controlled by temperature, while in the subtropical area, surface $fCO_2$ was dependent on total inorganic carbon contents. Air-sea $CO_2$ flux showed a large spatial variation, with a range of $-0.69{\sim}0.79 mmole\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$. In the area of AE (Anticyclonic Eddy), SM(Southern Mixed region) and NM (Northern Mixed region), the ocean acted as a weak source of $CO_2$ $(0.6{\sim}0.79 mmole\; m^{-2}day^{-1})$. In NECC, NEC, Kuroshio and ECS (East China Sea), however, the fluxes were estimated to be $-0.3mmole\; m^{-2}day^{-1})$ for the first three regions and $-1.2mmole\; m^{-2}day^{-1})$ for ECS respectively, indicating that these areas acted as sinks of $CO_2$. The average air-sea flux in the entire study area was $0.15mmole\;m^{-2}day^{-1})$, implying that the western North Pacific was a weak source of $CO_2$ during the study period.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2006년도 PARALLEL CFD 2006
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• pp.133-136
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• 2006

The mesoscale eddy field in the North Pacific Ocean, simulated by a high resolution eddy-resolving OGCM ($1/12^{\circ}C$ horizontal resolution), was analyzed, and compared with satellite altimetry data of TOPEX/Poseidon. High levels of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) appear near the Kurosho, North Equatorial Current (NEC), and Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) in the western part of the subropical gyre. In particlure, it was found that the EKE level of the STCC has a well-defined annual cycle, but no distinct annual cycle of the EKE exists in any other zonal current of the North Pacific Ocean.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.287-298
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• 2004

As a part of Korea Deep Ocean Study program, we investigated the distribution of planktonic protists in the upper 200 m of the northeast Pacific from $5^{\circ}N$ to $17^{\circ}N$, along $131^{\circ}30'W$. Area of divergence was formed at $9^{\circ}N$ which is boundaries of the north equatorial counter current (NECC) and the north equatorial current (NEC) during this cruise. Chlorophyll-a concentration was higher in NECC than in NEC area. Pico chl-a(<$2\;{\mu}m$) to total chl-a accounted for average 89% in the study area. The contribution of pico chl-a to total chl-a was relatively high in NEC area than in NECC area. Biomass of planktonic protists, ranging from 635.3 to $1077.3\;mgC\;m^{-2}$(average $810\;mgC\;m^{-2}$), was most enhanced in NECC area and showed distinct latitudinal variation. Biomass of HNF ranged from 88.7 to $208.3\;mgC\;m^{-2}$ and comprised 15% of planktonic protists. Biomass of ciliates ranged from 123.6 to $393.0\;mgC\;m^{-2}$ and comprised 25% of planktonic protists. Biomass of HDF ranged from 407.2 to $607.8\;mgC\;m^{-2}$ and comprised 60% of planktonic protists. HDF was the most dominant component in both NECC and NEC areas. Nano-protist biomass accounted for more than 50% of total protists in the both areas. The contribution of nanoprotist to total protists biomass was relatively higher in NEC area than in NECC. The biomass of planktonic protists was significantly correlated with phytoplankton biomass in this study area. The size structure of phytoplankton biomass coincided with that of planktonic protists. This suggested that the structure of the planktonic protists community and the microbial food web were dependent on the size structure of the phytoplankton biomass. However, biomass and size structure of planktonic protist communities might be significantly influenced by physical characteristics of the water column and food concentration in this study area.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2011

We determined potential meso-scale benthic-pelagic ecosystem coupling in the north equatorial Pacific by comparing surface chl-a concentration with sediment bacterial abundance and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration (indication of active biomass). Water and sediment samples were latitudinally collected between 5 and $11^{\circ}N$ along $131.5^{\circ}W$. Physical water properties of this area are characterized with three major currents: North Equatorial Current (NEC), North Equatorial Count Current (NECC), and South Equatorial Current (SEC). The divergence and convergence of the surface water occur at the boundaries where these currents anti-flow. This low latitude area ($5{\sim}7^{\circ}N$) appears to show high pelagic productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=$1266.0\;mgC\;m^{-2}$) due to the supplement of high nutrients from nutrient-enriched deep-water via vertical mixing. But the high latitude area ($9{\sim}11^{\circ}N$) with the strong stratification exhibits low surface productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=$603.1\;mgC\;m^{-2}$). Bacterial cell number (BCN) and ATP appeared to be the highest at the superficial layer and reduced with depth of sediment. Latitudinally, sediment BCN from low latitude ($5{\sim}7^{\circ}N$) was $9.8{\times}10^8\;cells\;cm^{-2}$, which appeared to be 3-times higher than that from high latitude ($9{\sim}11^{\circ}N$; $2.9{\times}10^8\;cells\;cm^{-2}$). Furthermore, sedimentary ATP at the low latitude ($56.2\;ng\;cm^{-2}$) appeared to be much higher than that of the high latitude ($3.3\;ng\;cm^{-2}$). According to regression analysis of these data, more than 85% of the spatial variation of benthic microbial biomass was significantly explained by the phytoplankton biomass in surface water. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that benthic productivity in this area is strongly coupled with pelagic productivity.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.178-189
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• 2008

2003년 7월, 2005년 8월 그리고 2007년 7월에 북동태평양의 발산대 해역($7^{\circ}{\sim}10.5^{\circ}N$)에서 무기영양염 분포와 재무기질화 비율 연구를 위한 조사를 수행하였다. 북적도 반류와 북적도 해류의 경계에서 형성되는 발산대는 라니냐 현상이 있었던 2007년 7월에 북위 $10^{\circ}N$에 위치하였으며, 용승 현상이 강하게 일어났다. 빈영양 환경의 특성을 갖는 표면 혼합층의 깊이는 2003년에 평균 46 m, 2005년에 평균 61 m 그리고 2007년에 평균 30 m 이었고, 표면 혼합층 이하에서는 용존산소 소모와 더불어 무기영양염 농도가 급격하게 증가하는 영양염약층이 형성됐다. 상층(수심 $0{\sim}100m$)에서 아질산염을 포함한 질산염의 총량은 2003년에 $5.51{\sim}21.71gN/m^2$(평균 $12.82gN/m^2$)의 범위를 나타냈고, 2005년에는 $5.62{\sim}8.46gN/m^2$(평균 $7.15gN/m^2$)의 범위를 그리고 2007년에는 $8.98~27.80 gN/m2$(평균 21.12 gN/m2)의 범위로 발산대가 형성된 지점에서 높은 값을 나타냈다. 인산염 총량과 규산염 총량 또한 아질산염을 포함한 질산염 총량 분포와 유사하였으며, 상층에서 파악된 아질산염을 포함한 질산염 총량에 대한 규산염 총량의 비율은 $0.87{\pm}0.11$ 이었다. 연구 해역에서 식물 플랑크톤 성장을 제한하는 무기영양염은 질소계 영양염으로(N/P ratio=14.6), 북적도 반류 지역에 비해 북적도 해류 지역에서 보다 낮은 농도를 나타냈다. 규산염 또한 낮은 농도로 존재하여 규소 제한 환경을 이루었다. 본 연구를 통해 분석된 재무기질화 비율은 $P/N/-O_2=1/14.6{\pm}1.1/100.4{\pm}8.8(23.44{\leq}Sigma-{\theta}{\leq}26.38)$로 Redfield stoichiometry($P/N/-O_2=1/16/138$) 보다는 낮았지만, 연구 해역 표층에서 재무기질화 과정을 설명하기에 충분하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.283-295
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• 2007

We investigated the longitudinal variations in zooplankton abundances and their related physicochemical properties at nine stations located between $136^{\circ}W$ and $128^{\circ}W$ at $10.5^{\circ}N$ in the northeastern Pacific in summer 2004. Temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll-a (hereafter chl-a) and zooplankton ($>200\;{\mu}m$) were sampled within the depth from the surface to 200 m depth at $1^{\circ}$ longitude intervals. Zooplankton($>200\;{\mu}m$) samples were vertically collected at two depth intervals from surface to 200 m, consisting of surface mixed and lower layers (thermocline$\sim$200 m). Longitudinal distributional pattern of hydrological parameters (especially salinity) was physically influenced by the intensity of westward geostrophic current passage relating to the NEC (North Equatorial Current). Data from the longitudinal survey showed clear zonal distributions in the hydrological parameters(temperature, salinity and nutrients). However, spatial patterns of the chl-a concentrations and zooplankton abundances were mostly independent of the zonal distributions of hydrological parameters. The two peaks of zooplankton abundance in the surface mixed layer were characterized by different controlling factors such as bottom-up control from nutrients to zooplankton ($129^{\circ}W$) and accumulation by increment of friction force and taxonomic interrelationship ($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$). Divergence-related upwelling caused introduction of nutrients into surface waters leading to the increment of chl-a concentration and zooplankton abundances ($129^{\circ}W$). Increased friction force in relation to reduced flow rates of geostrophic currents caused accumulation of zooplankton drifting from eastern stations of study area($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$). Besides, high correlation between immature copepods and carnivorous groups such as chaetognaths and cyclopoids also possibly contributed to the enhanced total abundance of zooplankton in the surface mixed layer (p<0.05). Zooplankton community was divided into three groups (A, B, C) which consecutively included the eastern peak of zooplankton($129^{\circ}W$), the western peak($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$) and high nutrient but low chl-a concentration and zooplankton abundance ($136^{\circ}W$). Moreover, Group B corresponded to the westward movement of low saline waters(<33.6 psu) from 128 to $132^{\circ}W$. In summary, longitudinal distributions of zooplankton community was characterized by three different controlling factors: bottom-up control ($129^{\circ}W$), accumulation by increased friction force and relationships among zooplankton groups ($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$), and mismatch between hydrological parameters and zooplankton in the high nutrient low chlorophyll area ($136^{\circ}W$) during the study period.