• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.264-282
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• 2008

The present study assessed the relation of dietary fiber to food habits in Korean adults aged 20 and over, using a newly established dietary fiber, as well as the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. The per capita average dietary fiber intake of Koreans was estimated to be 12.25 ${\pm}$ 5.23 g/1,000 kcal. Calorie-based dietary fiber intakes for females was over the KDRl, but for males it was below the KDRI. The levels of total dietary fiber and energy corresponded with frequent snacking but calorie-based dietary fiber intake did not. The subjects who skipped meals, frequently ate out and consumed fried foods tended to have lower levels of calorie-based dietary fiber although the levels of energy and total dietary fiber corresponded with frequent eating-out and consumption of fried foods. The results of this study suggest that Koreans must make efforts to regularly have three meals a day, reduce the frequency of eating out and consume fewer fried foods in order to maintain the optimum intake levels of dietary fiber that protect against chronic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.707-713
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to test whether moderate alcohol consumption has any positive effect on lowering blood pressure among Koreans. Study subjects were Korean adults 20 years or older (n=5,234) who participated in the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were used to construct univariate and multivariate models relating alcohol consumption to blood pressure for the analysis. After adjustment for possible covariates, drinkers (regardless of drinking level) had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, compared with never-drinker for male subjects. Diastolic and systolic blood pressures were also significantly elevated with the drinking frequency and amount of alcohol intake among male subjects. For the female subjects, only diastolic blood pressure was significantly associated with the alcohol consumption at multivariate model. however, low level alcohol consumption did not show any sign of lowing effects on blood pressure. The result implies that moderate alcohol consumption did not have any positive effect on lowering blood pressure among Koreans for either sex.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2001

Dietary pattern in relation to alcohol consumption was studied in 7,370 Korean adults aged 20 years and older in 1998 Koran National Health and Nutrition Survey in which 24 hour recall method was used for dietary survey, The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on food and nutrient intake among Koreans, Individual drinking data was collected by interview as a part of health behavior survey T est was adopted to between nutrient intake level and drinking status. Drinkers of both sexes showed less consumption of foods from vegetable origins than non-drinkers, Consequently,. They also had significantly less carbohydrate consumption then non-drinker. This result may suggest that diets of Korean drinkers is unbalanced in terms of low consumption of food from vegetable origin and carbohydrate, Nutrition education should focus on those issues to improve the nutritional status and prevent potential risk disease by unbalanced diet.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.426-438
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• 2001

Nutrient intake of Koreans from the 1999 Seasonal Nutrition Survey was somewhat lower than those of 1995 National Nutrition Survey or 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey owing to the seasonal variation in amount and kind of foods eaten. In addition to the seasonal variation, low response rate of households which were surveyed twice was another reason for lower intake. Analysis of the major source of nutrients showed that intake of energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and vitamin C was influenced by seasonal food supply pattern. And especially, vitamin A and vitamin C intake was more influenced by consumption of fruits and vegetables than other food groups. Main sources of these two nutrients were spinach and strawberry in spring, watermelon, tomato, melon and potato in summer, and grapes and pumpkin in autumn. As shown before in the report on food consumption, intake of beverages, drinks, fruits and vegetables was more influenced by season than others and these food groups affected the nutrient intake most. With the results of the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, this study made it possible to estimate the average nutrient intake of the Korean population through out a year.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2006

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.193-199
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• 2006

There have been many studies indicating increased salt intake is related to elevated blood pressure (BP). Hypertension and pre-hypertension are prevalent in Korea. A national survey showed that the Korean average daily salt consumption was 12.5g, which is more than twice the current recommendation in the UK or USA. This study was performed to understand which aspects of the Korean diet contributed to high salt intake and elevated BP in Korea. The subjects consisted of 1,110 Korean adult men aged 30 to 49 years who were selected from the data of 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, a nationwide cross sectional survey. The relationship of BP with sodium and high sodium food intakes were analyzed. After categorizing subjects according to their BP, the socio-demographic information and food and nutrients intakes were analyzed. BP increased with a larger amounts of sodium intake and the trend was significant with diastolic BP. However, the trends of BP for sodium densities of the diet were not. People with hypertension significantly tended to be older, larger, and less educated than people with normal BP. And they consumed more foods from the fats, oils & sweets group and larger amounts of discretionary sodium than normal people. The current report advocates that public health intervention, which improves the awareness of the role of salt on elevated blood pressure for the public, should be implemented in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

The aims of this study were to assess the quality of breakfast intake and to examine the relation of breakfast intake to the quality of daily diet in Korean school-aged children. The one day 24-hour recall data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The sample of this study consisted of 1,600 children aged 7 to 18 years attending elementary, middle, or high schools. By calorie level of breakfast intake, the children were grouped into Breakfast Skippers (0 kcal; n = 268, 17%), Low Calorie Breakfast Eaters (0 kcal < and < 10% of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER); n = 190, 12%), Moderate Calorie Breakfast Eaters (10% ${\leq}$ and < 25% of EER; n = 861, 54%), or Sufficient Calorie Breakfast Eaters (${\geq}$ 25% of EER; n = 281, 17%). General characteristics including weight status and nutritional quality of breakfast and daily diet were compared among the four groups. The average daily calorie intake of Breakfast Skippers, Low, Moderate, and Sufficient Breakfast Eaters were 1,771 kcal, 1,719 kcal, 1,902 kcal, and 2,349 kcal, respectively; they were 86.3%, 85.9%, 98.0%, and 124.9% of EER, respectively. The percentages of students consuming daily diet with protein, vitamin A, $B_1$, $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, or iron less than Estimated Average Requirement decreased in the breakfast groups with the higher calorie level of breakfast intake. The Dietary Variety Score of daily diet significantly increased by increasing the calorie level of breakfast intake. The results indicated the quality of daily diet was positively related to the level of calorie intake from breakfast.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.684-691
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• 2006

Abdominal obesity (AO) is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which has shown a remarkable increase in Korea. This study aimed to identify prevalence of AO and related risk factors in Korean adults. A total of 5,132 men and women aged 20-85 years old from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the analyses. AO was defined as waist circumference >=90 cm in men and >=85 cm in women as proposed by Korean Society of Obesity. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to identify risk factors for AO. Three models were specified: (i) demographic and socioeconomic factors (model 1: age, education, poverty income ratio, employment), (ii) lifestyle factors and covariates (model 2: physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary quality, type 2 diabetes, co-morbidity) and (iii) demographic, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors (model 3). The prevalence of AO was 24.1 % in men, 23.5% in women. High poverty income ratio in men and low education attainment in women were risk factors for AO in model. 1. There was a significant association of AO with alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and dietary quality in men, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in women. These factors except alcohol consumption in men became insignificant in model 3. This findings underscore the importance of developing AO prevention programs in Korea that target the at risk groups identified in this study. A program focusing on low income men or less educated women would be more efficient.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.82-83
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• 2005