• Title/Summary/Keyword: thatch

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Effect of a Microbial Product on the Control of Soilborne Diseases of Turfgrasses (미생물제에 의한 잔디의 토양전염병 방제 효과)

  • 박규진;김영호;박은경;김동성
    • Plant Disease and Agriculture
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.19-29
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    • 1995
  • A microbial product composed of three antagonistic fungal isolates (Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp.) and three bacterial isolates (Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas sp.) was tested for the control of Pythium blight caused by Pythium sp., brown patch by Rhizoctonia solani (anastomosis group(AG) 1-1) and large patch by R. solani (AG 2-2) of turfgrasses. Cultures of the antagonistic fungi and bacteria varied in the effectiveness in reducing disease severity of Pytium blight and brown patch on bentgrass. The antagonistic fungal and bacterial isolates were mixed and cultured at 20-$25^{\circ}C$ for 3 days in a growth medium, and the diluted solution of the microbial culture was applied under the field conditions after inoculation of the above turfgrass pathogens. The treated turfgrass was incubated at 28$^{\circ}C$ in a growth chamber. In this experiment, Pythium blight was almost completely controlled and brown patch was slightly decreased by the microbial product, while no control was observed in large patch of zoysiagrass. In zoysiagrass treated with the microbial culture, thatch accumulation was notably reduced.

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Evaluation of the Qualitative Characteristics of Creeping Bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds.) Cultivars Using NTEP Data (미농무성 NTEP(Nat'l Turfgrass Evaluation Program) 자료를 이용한 Creeping Bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds.) 품종의 특성 평가)

  • Jang, Duk-Hwan;Joo, Young-Kyoo
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2007
  • This study was initiated to evaluate the qualitative characteristics of creeping bentgrass(Agrostis palustris Huds.) cultivars for the climate In Korea through the NTEP(Nat'l Turfgrass Evaluation Program) data. 'L-93' showed the highest rating in overall mean visual quality. It was also the most prominent cultivar in seedling vigors, ground cover, and genetic color especially in summer. In case of turf texture, 'Penn A-1' and 'A-2' were the finest group, but the poorest group in cold tolerance. Leaf density and thatch accumulation were lower with 'Penncross', 'Pennlinks', 'Crenshaw', and 'L-93' as compared with 'Penn A'-type and 'G'-type cultivars. Resistance to moss invasion was greater with 'Penn A'-type and 'G'-type cultivars, but 'Penncross' was the least. These observations indicated that leaf density was considered to associate with the characters of turf quality, thatch accumulation and resistance to moss invasion. 'Penn A'-type cultivars were highly resistant to snow mold. Greater resistance to brown patch was associated with 'Penn A' and 'Penncross'. Higher resistance to pythium blight was found with 'Penncross' and 'Pennlinks'. 'L-93' showed higher resistance to dollar spot, but not to pythium. Therefore, these results demonstrated that turf maintenance program for the new bentgrass cultivars should be different from a conventional management for the cultivar of 'Penncross'.

A Comparison of Household Workspace Between Traditional Waga and Choga in Jeju - Focused on the Housing Authorized as Historical Preservation Units - (제주도 전통 와가(瓦家)와 초가(草家)의 가사노동공간에 관한 비교 연구 - 민속자료로 지정된 가옥을 중심으로 -)

  • 이정림;김봉애
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.25-37
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    • 2002
  • The purpose of this study is to give basic information in comparison of workspace of traditional housing between traditional Waga and Choga in Jeju. The subjects of this study are six Waga (roofing tee system), authorized as Jeju Folklore Materials and five Choga (roofing thatch system), authorized as National Major Folklore Materials. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Household workspaces in Waga were separated by three places: Jungji, Chatbang, and Gopang. In Choga, it was separated by two places, Jungji and Gopang. 2 As a number of Jungji, Waga had one, which meant that two or more generations shared the kitchen facilities. Choga, it had one or two Jungji, which meant that each generation used different kitchen facilities. 3. functional space of division Waga was specific. So, meal preparation was done in Jungji, and dining was done in Chatpang. However, in Choga, both meal preparation and dining were done in Jungji. 4. The sequence of space, in the JungjiGeriBulDong style, which Jungji was located in the detached building, showed that the circulation directs: Gopang->Sangbang->Chatbang->Madang->Jungji. AnGeriJungji style, which Jungji was located in the main building, showed that the circulation directs: Gopang->Sangbang(->Chatbang)->Jungji. 5. In the size ratio of household workspace to whole size of the house, Waga occupied 30%, and Choga occupied 21%.

Characteristics of large patch occurrence at warm-season turfgrass in golf course (골프장의 난지형 잔디에 발생하는 Large patch의 발병 특성)

  • Woo, Hyun-Nyung;Kim, Gi-Rim;Kim, Hye-JIn;Chung, Doug-Young
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.243-248
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    • 2011
  • This investigation was conducted to develop an integrated disease management system against large patch disease occurred in a golf course. Large patch, brown patch, and Rhizoctonia blight sometimes are used interchangeably by turfgrass managers and researchers, Large patch disease of zoysiagrass is caused by a soilborne fungus called Rhizoctonia solani. Although this fungus is very similar to the one that causes brown patch disease of cool-season turfgrasses in mid-summer. Large patch development is favored by high thatch and soil moisture. Avoid overwatering the turfgrass, especially in the fall or early spring. Poorly-drained areas are very susceptible to injury from large patch and should be reconstructed (draining tiles, etc) to avoid soil saturation. However, control of yellow patch with fungicides is normally not recommended because the disease has only cosmetic effects and symptoms are usually very short-lived. Therefore, we reviewed the symptom of large patch to look for control method by soil management method.

Effect of mowing interval, aeration, and fertility level on the turf quality and growth of zoysiagrass( Zoysia japonica Steud.) (깎기주기, 통기작업, 시비수준 및 비료종류가 한국 잔디의 품질 및 생육에 미치는 영향)

  • 황연성;최준수
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.79-90
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    • 1999
  • This study was conducted to provide basic understandings for proper management of zoysiagrass fairways. Mowing intervals of 2, 4 and 6-days, with and without aeration were compared at two fertility levels. Turfgrass quality, growth and pest infestation were evaluated. Turf density, number of tillers, leaf width and resiliency were significantly affected by mowing frequency. Turfgrass plots mowed every 2-day had greater density, tillering, and resiliency but had narrower leaf width compared to other mowing treatments. Clipping dry weight with every 2-day mowing increased in the early stage of mowing treatment regardless of fertilizer application rates but gradually decreased in the later stage of mowing treatment compared to every 4 or 6-day mowings. The dry weight of above-ground part was not affected by mowing frequency, but that of underground part was significantly higher for every 6-day mowing frequency(3.3kg/day/m2) compared to every 2 or 4-day mowings. The organic mater content in soil was not different among mowing treatments but it was significantly reduced by the core aerification treatment, indicating significant effect of core aerification on thatch decomposition. Occurrences of weeds such as annual bluegrass and crabgrass according to mowing frequency were greater in every 2-day mowing treatment, while plots mowed every 6 days had less weed occurrence. Occurrence of rusts significantly increased in high fertility plots and frequently mowed turfgrasses.

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Physiology of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2(IV), Trichoderma harzianum, and Chaetomium cochliodes, and their Utilization of Thatch-related Carbohydrate in Zoysia japonica (Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2(IV), Trichoderma harzianum and Chaetomium cochliodes의 생육생리와 이들 미생물들의 한국잔디 대취층 관련 탄소원 이용도 조사)

  • 박진희;강시용;김희규
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.211-220
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    • 1998
  • Cellulose-degrading fungi were idenfied as Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2(IV), T. harzianum and C. cochliodes. Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2(IV) grows better in the acidified media of pH 4 and 5 than pH 6 and 7. Mycelial growth of T. harzianum and C. cochliodes was also higher in pH 4 and 5 than in pH 6 and 7. In order to relate the above findings to nutrient utilization, mycelial growth of R. solani AG2-2(IV) are evaluated with various carbon sources. R. solani AG2-2(IV) grows well in the order of mannose, cellobiose, glucose, xylose and arabinose. However, mycelial dry weights of T. harzianum were 98.7, 78.0, 72.3, 43.7 and 32.3mg in glucose, mannose, cellobiose, xylose, and arabinose, respectively. Mycelial dry weight of C. cochilodes was 118, 65, 57, 49, and 16mg in mannose, cellobiose, xylose, glucose, and arabinose, respectively. Result of cellulase assay of R. solani AG2-2(IV) and soil fungi was reffered as, R. solani AG2-2(IV) produced more cellulase on CMC substrate than on CEL and secretes more enzyme in floated condition than in water-immersed condition. T. harzianum secreted less amount of cellulase than R. solani AG2-2 and C. cochliodes. T. harzianum produced no enzyme on CEL under water-immersed condition. C. cochliodes produced similar amounts of cellulase on either CMC or CEL under both water-immersed and floated condition.

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A Study on the Formation and Character of Cheong Ju Presbyterian Missionary Architecture from 1900 to 1945 (미국(美國) 북장로회(北長老會) 청주선교부(淸州宣敎部) 건축(建築)의 형성(形成)과 특성(特性))

  • Dho, SunBoong;Han, KyuYoung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.25-40
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    • 2001
  • In this study, I investigate the formation process of the American presbyterian missionary architecture in Cheong Ju area from 1900 to 1945, which we may think 'the part of Korean modern architecture'. I have examined and analyzed the 18 buildings for the sake of the interpretation with the words of formation process and characteristics . And I can put my idea in order as follows. Firstly, the formation process is 1) buy and modify a Korean style (thatch or tile roofed) building for their need and use it as a gate quaters or house, church, hospital, school, book store, 2) build a Korean style (tile roofed) building and use it-house, hospital, school, 3) build a Western style (timber structured and zinc roofed) building and use it- church, 4) build a Western style (masonry structured and tile or zinc roofed) building and use ithouse, church, school and hospital. Secondly, the characteristics is 1) In the Korean style building, the missionaries change into the function to match with their purpose. they modify the Korean style timber structure by influx of building material-brick, glass, carpet etc. they occupy into the Korean existing residential area. 2) In the Western style building, the missionaries build the house correspond with their living pattern. they build the church with the eclectic of Western and Korean timber frame. and also build the house and hospital with the eclectic of Western and Korean masonry structure. their building located in the isolate hill separated from the existing Korean residential area.

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Light environment and physiological response of Panax ginseng I. Experience on light in natural habitat,through cultivation under forest and artificial shade, and change of light control technique (인삼의 광환경과 생리반응 I.자생지. 임간 및 일복 재배에서 광경험과 광조절 방법의 변천)

  • Park, Hoon
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.172-192
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    • 1983
  • Light environment and growth of Panax ginseng In habitat and cultivation under natural shade were renewed. Grower's experiences on ginseng stand In relation to light environment were assessed. Change of shading method and grower's concepts on light requirement of ginseng plant in Korea, Manchuria and Japan was counted. Growth of wild ginseng was better under rich light. Optimum crown density index appeared to be 0.7 In natural habitat and 0.4 to 0.7 for the cultivation in forest. Change of light Intensity in forest was greatest in May and reached near to constant value (from 40% to 3% for broad leaf deciduous forest and loom 4% to 2% for pine forest). Insufficient light condition induced long and thin stem, poor flowering and seed bearing, and sequent dormancy. Relation between light and ginseng strand was not clear but light Interception with cool weather was effective. Topography and orientation of bed have been deeply considered for light environment. Panel or bark of won were used for shading in deep forest manly In Manchuria while reed blind and straw thatch were used in Korea. Kinds and number of shades material and seasonal or daily schedule have been simplified probably by labor pressure due to eulargement of plantation. Post height has been greater while width of roof, bed and ditch has changed lisle. Scientific survey in the past omitted important light control methods (complete light hardening etc) which has been practiced in specific areas. The concept and technique of light control in the past in Korea were delicate and intensive including the control of temperature and moisture. For the application of old concept in modem cultivation precise Investigation of the technique including the measurement of light, temperature and moisture is needed.

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Turfgrass Probiotics Reduce Population of Large Patch Pathogen and Improve Growth of Zoysiagrass (유용미생물 처리에 따른 들잔디 재배지의 갈색퍼짐병 병원균 감소와 잔디생육 촉진 효과)

  • Bae, Eun-Ji;Cheon, Chang Wook;Hong, A-Reum;Lee, Kwang-Soo;Kwak, Youn-Sig
    • Weed & Turfgrass Science
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.249-261
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    • 2017
  • To prevent large patch disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2, in zoysiagrass a fungicide, Tebuconazole and three microbial agents Streptomyces sp. Burkholderia sp. and Streptomyces sp. S8 were applied in commercial turfgrass cultivation field in Sanchung, Gyeongnam, Korea. All treatments showed 50% reduced the pathogen population in thatch layer throughout the yearly cultivation period. Not only reduced the pathogen population, Tebuconazole, Streptomyces sp. Burkholderia sp. and Streptomyces sp. S8 treatment also enhanced turfgrass growth, chlorophyll and proline content. Malondialdehyde contents in each treatment was reduced from 6.2~28.9% when compared with the control. Taken together, reduction of pathogen population in soil lowered the disease incidence or severity, and allowed the turfgrass developed as normal condition. The results suggested that the selected microbial agents may use as biological control and growth promotion agents for the Zoysia turfgrass.

A Study on the Cooking in 'The Kosa-sibi Jip' (2) ("고사십이집(攷事十二集)"의 조리가공에 관한 분석적 연구(2))

  • 김성미
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 1994
  • In this paper, twenty-five kinds of food presented in Sooljip(戌集) 5 and 6 of Food collections of 'Kosa-sibi Jip(攷事十二集)' have been classified into four : Staple food, subsidiary food, Tuck(rice cake) and Han-gwa(Korean confectionery), and Tang-jng and tea. Cooking processes have been examined and scientifically analyzed in terms of cooking, Fourteen kinds of Jook (thick gruel with cereal) as well as Urak-Jook were presented among the methods of making Jook, one of staple foods. Milk and ground rice were boiled together into Urak-Jook, which was nutritious because of carbohydrate, added to milk. Hong-sa Myun was mode of ground shrimps, ground bean, ground rice and flour which were kneaded together. It was a nutritiously balanced food. Nineteen kinds of Kimchi presented in this book were classified by the recipes. The five of Jook-soon Ja, U-so Ja, Tam-bok Ja and Jo-gang were made by adding red malt and cereals(boiled rice or candies). Jo-gang, Jo-ga and Jo-gwa-chae were made by adding salt and rice wine. With salt and fermenters added, eight were made. Chim-jup-jeo-ga was made by adding Jang(soy-bean sauce) and the inner chaff of wheat instead of salt. The four of Ka-za-san, Hwang-gwa-san, Tong-gwa-san and Jo-gang were made by adding salt and vinegar. Jo-gang was made by adding salt, rice wine, residue of rice wine and candies. The four of Kae-mal-ga, Ku-cho-chim-chae, Un-gu-hwa and Suk-hwa-chim-chim-chae were made by adding salt and spices. San-got-Kimchi was made without salt. San-got-Kimchi and Suk-hwa-chim-chae were made originally in Korea. Suk-hwa-chim-chae, in particular, was first classified as a kind of Kimchi in this book and oysters were added, which is notable. Pork could be preserved longer when smoked oven the weak fire of thatch ten days and nights. Dog meat was sauced and placed on the bones in a pot. A porcelain was put on the top of the pot. Flour paste sealed the gap between the porcelain and the pot. Some water was poured into the porcelain, and the meat was steamed, with two or three thatched sacks burned, which was a distilled dry steaming. This process has been in use up to now. Various cooking methods of chicken were presented from in Umsik-dimi-bang to in Chosun Musang Sinsik Yori Jebup. These methods were ever present regardless of ages. Such measuring units as Guin(斤) and Nyang(兩) were most frequently used in cooking processes of this book, except in case of Jang(soy bean sauce), vinegar and liquor. Twenty eight kinds of kitchenware and cookers were used, of which porcelains wee most used and pans and sieves followed. The scientific eight cooking methods were as follows. First, salt was refined through saturated solution. Next, it was recommended Hong-sa Myun containing shrimps should not be taken along with pork, which is thought to be a proper diet in terms of cholesterol contained by shrimps and pork. Third, meat was coated with thin gruel and quickly roasted and cleared of the dried gruel membrane, which prevented nutrients from exuding and helped to make the meat well-done. Fourth, The fruit of paper mulberry trees has the protease which can soften meat. Therefore when meat was boiled with th fruit of paper mulberry trees, it can be softened easily. Fifth, pork was smoked over the weak fire of thatch. Sixth, in cooking dog meat, distilled dry steaming raised the boiling point and made it possible to preserve meat longer. Seventh, in boiling the sole of a bear, lime was added, which made meat tender by making the pH lower or higher than that of raw meat. Finally, in boiling down rice gluten, a porcelain in the pot prevented boiling over the brim, which is applied to pots in which to boil medical herbs.

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