• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.286-294
• /
• 2010

기능적 자기공명영상법(fMRI)을 이용하여 일반 감각 자극과 다른 간지럼 자극 과제를 수행 할 때 대뇌 감각중추 신경 연결망을 규명하고, 간지럼이 웃음의 기전과 어떤 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 건강한 성인 남녀 16명(평균 : 28.9세)을 대상으로 두 종류의 감각 자극 과제 수행동안 3.0T 자기공명영상장치를 사용하여 기능적 자기공명영상을 얻었다. 감각 자극은 피험자마다 역균형화하여 제시되었으며, 블록 설계로 자극 제시와 영상 획득이 이루어졌다. 획득된 영상 데이터는 SPM 99 분석하였으며, 개별 분석과 그룹 분석을 실시하였다. 개별 분석 결과 두 과제 모두 체감각 영역의 활성화가 관찰되었고, 간지럼 자극 조건은 감각자극 조건에 비해 베리니케 영역(BA40)에서 더 많은 활성화를 보였다. 또한, 그룹 분석결과 일반 감각 조건에서는 양쪽 체감각 피질 영역(BA 1,2,3)이 활성화되었으며, 간지럼 조건에서는 양쪽 체감각 피질 뿐만 아니라 시상, 대상회, 대뇌섬엽 영역에서 커다란 활성화를 보였다. 간지럼 자극에서 감각자극을 뺀 결과에서는 우측 대상회와 좌측 MFG 영역 및 좌측섬엽 에서 유의미한 활성화를 보였다. 촉각을 통한 간지럼자극을 인지하는 대뇌영역에 대해 검증하였고, 간지럼과 같은 가장 원초적인 자극이 다양한 사회적 활동에서 중요한 기능을 담당하는 웃음과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한의용생체공학회 1998년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.57-59
• /
• 1998

For medical students and doctors, knowledge of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of brain is very important in diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Two-dimensional (2D) tools (ex: anatomy book) or traditional 3D tools (ex: plastic model) are not sufficient to understand the complex structures of the brain. However, it is not always guaranteed to dissect the brain of cadaver when it is necessary. To overcome this problem, the virtual dissection programs of the brain have been developed. However, most programs include only 2D images that do not permit free dissection and free rotation. Many programs are made of radiographs that are not as realistic as sectioned cadaver because radiographs do not reveal true color and have limited resolution. It is also necessary to make the virtual dissection programs of each race and ethnic group. We attempted to make a virtual dissection program using a 3D image of the brain from a Korean cadaver. The purpose of this study is to present an educational tool for those interested in the anatomy of the brain. The procedures to make this program were as follows. A brain extracted from a 58-years old male Korean cadaver was embedded with gelatin solution, and serially sectioned into 1.4 mm-thickness using a meat slicer. 130 sectioned specimens were inputted to the computer using a scanner ($420\times456$ resolution, true color), and the 2D images were aligned on the alignment program composed using IDL language. Outlines of the brain components (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, thalamus, optic nerve, fornix, cerebral artery, and ventricle) were manually drawn from the 2D images on the CorelDRAW program. Multimedia data, including text and voice comments, were inputted to help the user to learn about the brain components. 3D images of the brain were reconstructed through the volume-based rendering of the 2D images. Using the 3D image of the brain as the main feature, virtual dissection program was composed using IDL language. Various dissection functions, such as dissecting 3D image of the brain at free angle to show its plane, presenting multimedia data of brain components, and rotating 3D image of the whole brain or selected brain components at free angle were established. This virtual dissection program is expected to become more advanced, and to be used widely through Internet or CD-title as an educational tool for medical students and doctors.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.231-240
• /
• 2001

Purpose: Normal aging results in detectable changes in the brain structure and function. We evaluated the changes of regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the normal aging process with FDG PET. Materials and Methods: Brain PET images were obtained in 44 healthy volunteers (age range 20-69 'y'; M:F = 29:15) who had no history of neuropsychiatric disorders. On 6 representative transaxial images, ROIs were drawn in the cortical and subcortical areas. Regional FDG uptake was normalized using whole brain uptake to adjust for the injection dose and correct for nonspecific declines of glucose metabolism affecting all brain areas equally. Results: In the prefrontal, temporoparietal and primary sensorimotor cortex, the normalized FDG uptake (NFU) reached a peak in subjects in their 30s. The NFU in the prefrontal and primary sensorimotor cortex declined with age after 30s at a rate of 3.15%/decade and 1.93%/decade, respectively. However, the NFU in the temporoparietal cortex did not change significantly with age after 30s. The anterior (prefrontal) posterior (temporoparietal) gradient peaked in subjects in their 30s and declined with age thereafter at a rate of 2.35%/decade. The NFU in the caudate nucleus was decreased with age after 20s at a rate of 2.39%/decade. On the primary visual cortex, putamen, and thalamus, the NFU values did not change significantly throughout the ages covered. These patterns were not significantly different between right and left cerebral hemispheres. Of interest was that the NFU in the left cerebellar cortex was increased with age after 20s at a rate of 2.86%/decade. Conclusion: These data demonstrate regional variation of the age-related changes in the cerebral glucose metabolism, with the most prominent age-related decline of metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. The increase in the cerebellar metabolism with age might reflect a process of neuronal plasticity associated with aging.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.161-170
• /
• 2013

목적 : 침치료는 침자극을 가한 뒤, 발침한 뒤에 효과를 나타낸다. 그러므로 침연구에 있어서 침자극을 가하고 발침한 뒤에 나타나는 침의 반응을 관찰하여야 할 필요가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 안정성 네트워크를 이용하여 침자극 후의 반응을 관찰하여 발침 후에 뇌에 미치는 침의 반응을 관찰하였다. 방법 : 침자극에 의하여 나타나는 안정성 네트워크의 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 기능성 자기공명 영상장치를 사용하여 12명의 건강인을 대상으로 우측 양릉천 혈자리에 자침한 후, 침자극 전후의 뇌를 촬영하였다. 그리고 regional homogeneity(ReHo)와 amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(ALFF)를 이용하여 데이터를 분석하였다. 결과 : ReHo와 ALFF에서 공통적으로 안정성 네트워크가 증가된 영역은 좌우측 중전두이랑, 좌측 내측전두이랑, 좌측 상전두이랑, 그리고 우측 뒤쪽 띠이랑의 뇌부위였다. 특히 ReHo분석 결과 섬엽, 앞쪽 띠이랑과 선조체에서 안정성 네트워크가 증가된 것이 관찰되었는데, 이들 영역은 침의 진통작용과 관련된 영역들이다. 하지만 ALFF 분석결과에서는 이들 영역들이 나타나지 않았다. 결론 : ReHo와 ALFF 모두에서 침자극에 의한 안정성 네트워크의 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 ReHo분석을 통하여 침자극에 의한 진통관련 영역들의 반응을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.89-103
• /
• 2006

Objectives: Recently, the effect of acupuncture has been approved not only in the East but also in the West, so the interest on acupuncture was greatly improved. Especially, functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) was embossed as the study tool for the mechanism of acupuncture noninvasively and many studies on the mechanism of acupuncture using fMRI were carried out. We archived the fMRI study on the brain activity induced by manual acupuncture at BL62(申脈). Methods: The study was the acupuncture at BL62(申脈) and we acquired 9 fMRI results from 6 persons$(age\;20{\sim}30,\;4\;male\;and\;2\;female)$. These studies employed The block design for mapping brain activity and acupuncture was perfomed at BL62(申脈) on the left foot. Results: The brain related motor function was cerebellum, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex and thalamus connected these elements. In the result of this study, the regions of significant activation in the cerebellum was centered on the spinocerebellum in the anterior lobe, so we presumed that this result showed the input of stimulation by the acupuncture on BL62(申脈). But basal ganglia and cerebral cortex showed the regions of significant activation in the left larger than the right and regions of the cerebral cortex was the motor and sensory cortex. Such a result explained that acupuncture at BL62(申脈) could have influence the motor function and acupuncture at left BL62(申脈) could affect the right side through the activation of the left basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Conclusions: In the theory of crossing needling at collaterals(繆刺論), it the pathogenic factor invaded in the Yang Heel channel(陽?脈) that was one of the eight Extra meridians(奇經八脈), we recognized the disease of the collateral channel and used contralateral BL62(申脈) for treatment of the Yang Heel channel(陽?脈). Moreover the result of this study could bear the construction that acupuncture at the left BL62(申脈) treats the contralateral lesion and this construction is related to the theory of crossing needling at collaterals(繆刺論).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.121-130
• /
• 2020

Objectives: We investigated the differences in cognitive and emotional empathic ability between adolescents and adults, and the differences of the brain activation during cognitive and emotional empathy tasks. Methods: Adolescents (aged 13-15 years, n=14) and adults (aged 19-29 years, n=17) completed a range of empathic ability questionnaires and were scanned functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during both cognitive and emotional empathy task. Differences in empathic ability and brain activation between the groups were analyzed. Results: Both cognitive and emotional empathic ability were significantly lower in the adolescent compared to the adult group. Comparing the adolescent to the adult group showed that brain activation was significantly greater in the right transverse temporal gyrus (BA 41), right insula (BA 13), right superior parietal lobule (BA 7), right precentral gyrus (BA 4), and right thalamus whilst performing emotional empathy tasks. No brain regions showed significantly greater activation in the adolescent compared to the adult group while performing cognitive empathy task. In the adolescent group, scores of the Fantasy Subscale in the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, which reflects cognitive empathic ability, negatively correlated with activity of right superior parietal lobule during emotional empathic situations (r=-0.739, p=0.006). Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that adolescents possess lower cognitive and emotional empathic abilities than adults do and require compensatory hyperactivation of the brain regions associated with emotional empathy or embodiment in emotional empathic situation. Compensatory hyperactivation in the emotional empathy-related brain areas among adolescents are likely associated with their lower cognitive empathic ability.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.46-55
• /
• 1992

발달성언어장애는 학령기 아동에서 약 $3{\sim}10%의$ 높은 빈도로 발견이 되며 그대로 방치할 경우 열등감, 좌절감, 우울증 등의 정서적인 문제를 일으키며 이차적인 학습장애를 동반한다. 이러한 발달성언어장애의 원인으로서는 사회환경적인 영향, 언어발달시기에 생긴 전도성청음장애로 인한 청각자극의 결핍, 유전적인 영향, 국소적인 뇌의 손상 등 때문으로 주장되지만 아직까지 정확한 기전은 밝혀지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 뇌전산화단층촬영이나 뇌파검사 등에는 나타나지 않는 국소적인 기질적인 병변이 존재하기 때문이라는 가설을 세우고, 뇌의 기능적인 이상을 알 수 있는 '단일광자방출전산화단층촬영'을 시행한 결과, 61.9%(26/42)에서 혈류의 감소가 있음을 발견하였다. 이상소견이 발견된 뇌의 부위가운데에서 대뇌피질이 47.6%(20/42)로서 가장 많았고, 그 다음으로는 시상부위가 33.3%(14/42)로 많았다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 볼 때 발달성언어장애가 뇌혈류의 이상소견과 관련된 뇌기능장애와 관련되어 나타날 가능성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 향후 동일한 대상 환아군들을 추적 조사하여 증상이 호전된 후에 다시 단일광자방출전산화단층촬영을 실시하여 본 연구결과와 비교연구를 시행한다면 보다 정확한 원인 규명이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2016

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system methylphenidate on changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Methods: A total of 26 children with ADHD (21 boys, mean age: $9.2{\pm}2.05$ years old) were recruited. Each ADHD participant was examined for changes in rCBF using technetium-99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime brain SPECT before and after 8 weeks methylphenidate medication. Brain SPECT images of pediatric normal controls were selected retrospectively. SPECT images of ADHD children taken before medication were compared with those of pediatric normal controls and those taken after medication using statistical parametric mapping analysis on a voxel-wise basis. Results: Before methylphenidate medication, significantly decreased rCBF in the cerebellum and increased rCBF in the right precuneus, left anterior cingulate, right postcentral gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule and right precentral gyrus were observed in ADHD children compared to pediatric normal controls (p-value<.0005, uncorrected). After medication, we observed significant hypoperfusion in the left thalamus and left cerebellum compared to pediatric normal controls (p-value<.0005, uncorrected). In the comparison between before medication and after medication, there was significant hyperperfusion in the superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus and significant hypoperfusion in the right insula, right caudate, right middle frontal gyrus, left subcallosal gyrus, left claustrum, and left superior temporal gyrus after methylphenidate medication (p-value<.0005, uncorrected). Conclusion: This study supports dysfunctions of fronto-striatal structures and cerebellum in ADHD. We suggest that methylphenidate may have some effects on the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and cerebellum in children with ADHD.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.96-112
• /
• 2002

In the present study, we have investigated the effects of centrally administered ginsenoside Rc or Rgl on the modulation of NMDA receptor and $GABA_A$ receptor binding in rat brain. The NMDA receptor binding was analyzed by quantitative autoradiography using $[^3H]MK-801$ binding, and $GABA_A$ receptor bindings were analyzed by using $[^3H]muscimol\;and\;[^3H]flunitrazepam$ in rat brain slices. Rats were infused with ginsenoside Rc or Rg1 ($10\;{\mu}g/10{\mu}l/hr$, i.c.v.) for 7 days, through pre-implanted cannula by osmotic minipumps (Alzet, model 2ML), The levels of $[^3H]MK-801$ binding were highly decreased in part of cortex and cingulated by ginsenoside Rc and Rgl. The levels of $[^3H]muscimol$ binding were strongly elevated in almost all regions of frontal cortex by the treatment of ginseoside Rc but decreased by ginsenoside Rg 1. However, the $[^3H]flunitrazepam$ binding was not modulated by ginsenoside Rc or ginsenoside Rgl infusion. These results suggest that prolonged infusion of ginsenoside could differentially modulate $[^3H]MK-801\;and\;[^3H]muscimol$ binding in a region-specific manner. Also, we investigated the influence of centrally administered ginsenoside on the regulation of mRNA levels of the family of NMDA receptor subtypes (NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C) by in situ hybridization histochemistry in the rat brain. The level of NR1 mRNA is significantly increased in temporal cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, and granule layer of cerebellum in Rgl-infused rats as compared to control group. The level of NR2A mRNA is elevated in the frontal cortex. In contrast, it was decreased in CAI area of hippocampus in Rgl-infused rats. However, there was no significant change of NR1 and NR2A mRNA levels in Rc-infused rats. The level of NR2B mRNA is elevated in cortex, caudate putamen, and thalamus in both Rc- and Rg-infused rats. In contrast, NR2B level is decreased in CA3 in Rgl-infused rats. The level of NR2C mRNA is increased in the granule layer of cerebellum in only Rg1 but not Rc infused rats. These results show that structure difference of ginsenoside may diversely affect the modulation of expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNA after infusion into cerebroventricle in rats.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• 제22권7호
• /
• pp.1152-1162
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether there are regional differences in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of cognitively normal elderly participants and to identify factors influencing BBB permeability with a clinically feasible, 10-minute dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI protocol. Materials and Methods: This IRB-approved prospective study recruited 35 cognitively normal adults (26 women; mean age, 64.5 ± 5.6 years) who underwent DCE T1-weighted imaging. Permeability maps (K_trans) were coregistered with masks to calculate the mean regional values. The paired t test and Friedman test were used to compare Ktrans between different regions. The relationships between K_trans and the factors of age, sex, education, cognition score, vascular risk burden, vascular factors on imaging, and medial temporal lobar atrophy were assessed using Pearson correlation and the Spearman rank test. Results: The mean permeability rates of the right and left hippocampi, as assessed with automatic segmentation, were 0.529 ± 0.472 and 0.585 ± 0.515 (K_trans, x 10^-3 min^-1), respectively. Concerning the deep gray matter, the K_trans of the thalamus was significantly greater than those of the putamen and hippocampus (p = 0.007, p = 0.041). Regarding the white matter, the K_trans value of the occipital white matter was significantly greater than those of the frontal, cingulate, and temporal white matter (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0007, p = 0.0002). The variations in K_trans across brain regions were not related to age, cognitive score, vascular risk burden, vascular risk factors on imaging, or medial temporal lobar atrophy in the study group. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated regional differences in BBB permeability (K_trans) in cognitively normal elderly adults using a clinically acceptable 10-minutes DCE imaging protocol. The regional differences suggest that the integrity of the BBB varies across the brains of cognitively normal elderly adults. We recommend considering regional differences in K_trans values when evaluating BBB permeability in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.