• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.83-91
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• 1995

For the accurate interpretation and objective measurement of textural characteristics of fermented vegetables, first of all, the studies on the microstructure and chemical compositions of vegetable cell, and the changes in the textural properties of vegetables during salting, blanching and fermentation should be carried out. And the mechanical textural parameters were needed to compare with and analyze in relation to the sensory parameters. In this review, the thypical force-distance curves of fermented vegetables were obtained from the compression, cutting and puncture test. And it was showed that the compression force was a more effective textural parameter to express the hardness of fermented vegetables, and the sensory chewiness and toughness were related to the changes in cutting force. In the puncture test, the puncture force was related to the hardness and varied with the size and form of puncture probe; the changes in puncture force by small probe could express the decrease in hardness and crispness, whereas those by large probe could represent the changes in toughness. And the brittleness and crispness could be measured by the break point and the numbers of peak obtained from the force-distance curves.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.553-557
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• 1988

저장습도가 크랙카의 texture 특성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 관능검사법과 texturometer를 이용한 기계적 측정법을 병행시켜 실험하였다. 국내산 크랙카 제품을 23%, 31%, 51% 79%의 상대 습도에서 1주와 3주간 저장한 결과 일반적으로 저장습도가 증가함에 따라 texture 특성인 crispness의 감소를 나타냈으며 저장기간은 큰 영향을 주지 못했다. 국내산과 외국산 크랙카를 상대습도 31%와 79%에서 1주와 3주간 저장하면서 texture의 변화를 비교한 결과 제품간에 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.154-162
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• 2006

Cheese analogs using lipoxygenase-defected soymilk and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin modified soy protein isolate (SPI) were prepared. Color, textural properties, sensory attributes and melting spreadability of cheese analogs were evaluated and compared with mozzarella cheese, and relationships between textural properties, sensory attributes and melting spreadability of cheese analogs were analyzed. Off-flavors were not mostly discriminated. Cheese analogs containing 10% SPI untreated and containing 6% and 8% SPI treated by ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin in ${\Delta}E$ value of color were the most similar to mozzarella cheese. Quality characteristics and melting spreadability of cheese analogs were highly affected and improved by ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin modification. Sensory attributes and melting spreadability of cheese analogs containing 6% SPI treated by ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin were the most similar to mozzarella cheese, while in textural properties, cheese analogs containing 10% SPI were the most similar with mozzarella cheese. Hardness in sensory attributes was highly positively correlated with hardness (r>0.65), adhesiveness (r>0.56), chewiness (r>0.77) and gumminess (r>0.76) in textural properties, while it was highly negatively correlated with melting spreadability (r>-0.68).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.538-542
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• 2004

Comminuted sausages with reduced fat (25-0%) and increased moisture (19-44%) combinations were manufactured, and their chemical composition, and physico-chemical, textural and sensory properties were determined for the selection of the most palatable sausage treatment. The moisture and fat contents of the comminuted sausages varied from 55-79% and 26.4-2.14%, respectively, whereas, the protein content was relatively constant at 13.5-14.5%. Expressible moisture (EM, %) decreased with increased fat addition, and the high-fat control sausage (~25% fat) had lower EM than those with lower than 15% fat addition. Increased fat level also increased Hunter L values (lightness) of sausage samples taken from the core, and differences in lightness were observed between 15 and 25% fat level at the initial mixture. Sausages without fat addition had different textural characteristics from high-fat control sausages in most texture profile analysis (TPA) values. However, no differences in TPA values were observed among treatments with added fat (<25%) in the formulation. Results of the sensory evaluation showed that the most appropriate fat content of comminuted sausages to have better sensory properties ranged from 15-20% of added fat at the initial mixture. These results also indicated that decreased fat and increased moisture contents produce sausages with higher EM and lower lightness. Comminuted sausages without fat addition had different textural characteristics from the high-fat control.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.412-418
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• 2008

In this study, Sulgidduk samples were prepared with substitutions of 1, 2, 3, and 4% tomato powder, along with a control, and were then analyzed for quality characteristics such as moisture content, water activity, color, textural characteristics, and sensory qualities, in order to determine the optimal ratio of tomato powder in the formulation. According to the results, moisture content and water activity were not significantly different among the Sulgidduk samples. In terms of color, as the level of tomato powder content increased, lightness decreased, while the a-value (+redness/-greenness), and yellowness increased. For the textural characteristics, the samples showed significant differences for hardness, adhesiveness, and gumminess, while fracturability was not significantly different. In addition, the samples containing tomato powder presented significantly higher springiness, cohesiveness(except the 1% substitution level), chewiness, and resilience than the control group. In the sensory evaluation, the control group had significantly higher scores for color and flavor as compared to the tomato powder samples. Furthermore, flavor and overall acceptability decreased, while tomato flavor, sourness, and off-flavor increased with increasing tomato powder content. Sweetness and after-taste were not significantly different among the samples. In conclusion, the results indicate that substituting 2${\sim}$3% tomato powder in Sulgidduk is optimal for quality, and provides a product with reasonably high overall acceptability.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1519-1519
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• 2001

The aim of this work was to test the feasibility of NIRS in analysing textural characteristics of “Pasta Filata” cheese during the shelf-life. For this purpose, 128 samples of “Pasta Filata” cheese, subdivided into two sets on the basis of the wax used to avoid mechanical damages (paraffin, biodegradable wax), were analysed by using an InfraAlyzer 500 (Bran+Luebbe). Analyses were performed at room temperature. Samples were cut into small cylinders (D=3.2 cm, height = 1 cm), in agreement with literature information. Data were processed by using Sesame Software (Bran+Luebbe). Samples were analysed, during the shelf-life, at 90 and 120 days. In parallel, textural characteristics were detected carrying out a compression method by using an Universal Testing Machine Instron model 4301 (Instron Corporation, Canton, Massachusetts). As compression probe was used a cylinder (D = 5.8 cm, height = 3.7 cm) and a speed rate of 20mm/min was applied. The load at 20 mm of compression was recorded on sample cylinders of 1.7 cm (D) by 2 cm (height). Qualitative analysis of full spectra showed the possibility to gather samples on the basis of the days of shelf-life. The textural characteristics of cheese during the shelf-life was evaluated by comparing NIRS data with rheological results. The best correlation was obtained applying MLR to the first derivative of normalized absorbance values at seven wavelengths. Load values were plotted against the NIR prediction values based on first derivatives. NIRS proved to be an useful tool in classifying samples on the basis of the shelf-life period as well as in predicting their textural characteristics ($R^2$= 0.916, SEC = 0.192, SEP = 0.248, SEV = 0.345).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.928-933
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• 1995

탈지옥수수전분겔의 텍스쳐 특성을 향상시켜 묵으로서의 사용 가능성을 높이기 위하여 탈지옥수수전분에 녹두전분을 일정비율로 혼합하고 여러가지 첨가물질을 넣어 전분겔을 제조하고 24시간과 72시간 저장한 다음 관능적, 기계적인 방법으로 텍스쳐 특성을 알아보았다. 탈지옥수수전분과 녹두전분의 혼합비율은 60 : 40(%, w/w)일때 가장 좋았다. 혼합전분에 조직 콩단백, 콩기름, 셀룰로오스 유도체, 펙틴을 1%와 2% 첨가하여 제조한 혼합전분겔의 관능적인 검사에서 24시간 저장한 전분겔은 첨가물질에 관계없이 부서짐성의 감소와 응집성 그리고 탄성이 증가하였으나 종합적인 맛은 대조군 보다 낮았다. 72시간 저장한 전분겔에 TSP를 첨가하면 견고성, 응집성, 촉촉함의 증가와 부서짐성이 감소하였고, SO는 견고성과 응집성을 높였으며, CMC는 견고성, 부서짐성, 응집성은 높였으나 휘어짐성과 탄성은 감소시켰다. 펙틴은 함량에 따라 차이를 보여 1%에서는 휘어짐성, 촉촉함과 부드러움성이 증가하고 2%에서는 견고성과 응집성이 증가하였다. 기계적 검사에서는 관능검사와는 달리 견고성은 변화가 없고 응집성과 탄성은 증가하였으며 정도는 첨가물질의 종류나 함량에 따라 차이를 보였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2007

본 연구는 식이섬유 첨가와 지방 대체물질로서의 효과를 검토하고자 갈조류의 다당류에서 분리 정제한 polymannuronate의 첨가량을 달리하여 첨가하고 동시에 지방을 감소시킨 스폰지 케익을 제조하여 조직 특성을 비교하였다. 스폰지 케익의 polymannuronate 첨가량이 증가할수록 견고성, 검성과 씹힘성은 감소하는 경향을 보였고 동일한 농도의 polymannuronate 첨가구에서 버터의 함량을 감소시켰을 때 견고성, 검성 그리고 씹힘성은 증가하는 반면 부서짐성과 탄력성은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 관능검사 결과 3%와 5% polymannuronate 첨가구가 탄력성, 응집성, 전체적인 기호도를 강화시켰고 전체적인 기호도는 P5C, P3P와 P1C, P5B와 control 순으로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 polymannuronate 첨가가 스폰지 케익 텍스쳐에 악영향을 주지 않으면서 식이섬유 보강과 지방 대체물질로서의 가능성을 보여주었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.246-250
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the quality characteristics of noodles made from four different potato varieties: Atlantic, Go-un, Sae-bong, Jin-sun, and wheat flour. Quality characteristics of five noodles were analyzed by general components analysis, cooking quality (rate of water absorption, cooking loss, and volume increase), and mechanical textural properties. Some variations existed in wheat- or potato-based noodles for the general components analysis, but no clear trend was observed. Higher values in the rates of water absorption, cooking loss, and volume increase were observed for the wheat flour noodle, while some variations were observed for potato noodles depending on the variety. The wheat flour noodles exhibited higher values of textural characteristics obtained from the texture profile analysis, except for adhesiveness. Higher gluten contents as well as lower ash contents in the wheat flour noodles compared to the potato noodles are thought to be the two key factors contributing to this finding.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.46-59
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• 2003

Backsulgi were prepared with the addition of nutriprotein powder at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and their sensory quality and mechanical characteristics were compared. In addition, the changes in the sensory and textural characteristics of Backsulgi were determined while storing them at the temperatures of 4$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$ for 0, 1, 2, and 3 days. In the sensory evaluation, Backsulgi with 4% nutriprotein powder showed the highest score in overall quality. In the measurement of color changes, L value (lightness) was decreased, but a value (redness) and b value (yellowness) increased as the addition of nutriprotein powder increased. In textural characteristics, the hardness, gumminess and cohesiveness of Backsulgi were decreased by the increase of nutriprotein powder. The hardness and gumminess were increased as the storage time increased.