• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.134-138
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• 2006

The washing efficiency of two types of washing machine- drum(drum washing) and drum using steam jet system(steam drum washing) was studied. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the performance of new steam drum washing. The relationship between washing temperature and washing efficiency(reflectance(%)) by soil removal, and that between washing temperature and electric energy consumption, Fabric damage evaluated by Danish wear method, Fabric shrinkage(%) during laundering were investigated, and compared with those in drum washing machine. Washing efficiency of steam drum washing according to washing temperature is better than that of drum washing. Electric energy consumption and fabric damage in steam drum washing are lower than those of drum washing. Fabric damage increased as washing temperature increased. Shrinkage of fabrics in steam drum washing and drum washing are about same. Therefore, we assumed that in the case of steam drum washing using steam jet system, washing efficiency remarkably increased, and fabric damage decreased, even with a lot of saving in given electric energy and water used.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.6 s.91
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• pp.69-79
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• 2006

The washing characteristics of steam jet heating process have been compared with other washing processes, such as low temperature process(standard process, below $40^{\circ}C$) and high temperature process(boiling process, up to $95^{\circ}C$) with the standard soil fabric, EPMA 105. Steam jet heating process showed almost the same washing efficiency as high maximum temperature process for pig's blood and wine. This result can be explained with the higher surface temperature of washing materials in steam jet process compared with direct boiling process. In terms of the energy and water consumption, the steam jet washing process showed significant savings compared with direct boiling type washing process.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.28-38
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• 1997

Peach skin fabrics were washed by the general and ultrasonic washing systems using different conditions. The physical properties of the washed fabrics were estimated. The following results were obtained through experimental data and their analysis. The tensile properties were changed due to fabric running speed and washing methods. The lower the running speed, the higher the extensibility and resilience and the lower the linearity and tensile energy. In the general washing method, the extensibility and resilience had lower values than those of the ultrasonic washing method and the linearity and tensile energy had the higher values than those of the ultrasonic washing system. The bending properties, bending moment and histeresis, were estimated. These values were generally lower in the ultrasonic washing system than those of the general washing system. The faster the washing speed, the higher the value of hysterisis. The shear properties were affected by the fabric running speed and washing methods. Shear stiffness and hysteresis of shear forces increased according to the increase of the fabric running speed. The values were higher in the general washing system than those of the ultrasonic washing system. The compressional energy was affected by the fabric running speed. The higher the fabric speed the higher the compressional energy. The ultrasonic washing system had lower compressional energy than the general washing system. The higher the running speed, the lower the coefficient of friction and geometrical roughness. The values of geometrical roughness were infienced by the removal of the sizing agent. The higher the remaining sizing agent, the higher the fabric weight and the thicker the thickness of fabric.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2019

This study analyzed satisfaction with and washing of newborn clothing (especially the innerwear washing behaviors) which are considered to be the most basic items among newborn clothing.The survey was conducted on mothers with children under 24 months old. Using an average of 6.7 innerwear items that were changed average 2.3 times a day with baby formula and breast milk representing the main contaminants. When washing clothes for a newborn, respondents were mainly concerned with: rinsing residual detergent, removing stains and contaminants, and sterilization and disinfection. Items were washed by a laundry label to prevent clothes damage. A baby-friendly or environmentally-friendly detergent was used to wash before being worn after purchase was separated and washed in various washing courses of the washing machine every day, boiled, rinsed an average 3.6 times, and dried mainly in the sun. Environmentally friendly cotton (59.5%) and organic cotton (41.6%) products were mainly used; however, items were washed separately from regular laundry. Respondents were satisfied with methods of washing. Consumers are concerned about washing because they think that washing affects a newborn's health. Therefore, it is necessary to provide consumers with appropriate information on washing and establish regulations for the use of harmful substances in newborn clothing and detergents.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.15-22
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• 1991

The effects of electrolytes on color fastness properties of cotton fabric with Congo Red have been studied at $90^{\circ}C$. Each dyeing carried with $10 \times 10^{-6}M$ of Congo Red and with various concentration of electrolytes. The results obtained from this study were as follow 1. In the case of none, the fastness to washing became worse, but the fastness to light better with increasing dye concentration. 2. In the case of additing an electrolyte, the fastness to washing became worse and the fastness to light better than the case of none. The samples had become yellower after washing test. Yellowness had been reduced after fade-O-meter test. 3. What kind of electrolytes could not have any effect on the fastness to washing, but they influenced the fastness to light in the order of LiCl

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.386-397
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• 2023

In this study, the efficacy of ultrasonic washing in cotton and wool fabrics was compared and evaluated against conventional washing in terms of cleaning properties and fabric deformation. Factors such as washing temperature, time, liquid ratio, and detergent concentration were kept varied, and the cleaning properties of sebum-soiled fabrics were assessed using different detergents such as alcohol ethoxylate, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate, and IEC 60456 Reference Detergent A^*. In addition, the effects and emulsification power of enzymes and oxygen bleach were examined. To compare the cleaning properties with general washing, a launder-O-meter was used. To investigate fabric deformation during the washing process, the loosening test cloth, shrinkage test cloth, and mechanical strength test cloth were compared between ultrasonic washing machines and household drum washing machines. The results indicate that ultrasonic washing exhibits superior cleaning properties than launder-O-meter when the temperature is low and the washing time is short. Furthermore, there is less deformation and damage during the washing process. It was also observed that the activity of the detergent increases when ultrasonic waves are applied to the washing process. Considering the increasing tendency to pursue convenience and simplicity in clothing management as well as the anticipated commercialization of smart clothing with built-in electric circuits, ultrasonic laundry could serve as a new alternative to existing laundry methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2012

This study focuses on the optimal washing conditions for dry cleaning recommended fabrics to minimize dimensional changes using wet cleaning. We suggest water-based alternatives to a perchloroethylene based cleaning process. Wool and rayon fabrics were laundered under various washing conditions and then air-dried for 24hrs. All specimens were extended after spinning and shrunk after drying. This is probably because the fibers were swollen and extended by wetting. The wool fabrics were shown to be acutely influenced by washing temperature and mechanical force. The optimal washing conditions for wool fabric to minimize the dimensional change implied a normal washing temperature and minimized mechanical force. For rayon specimens, dimensional change by a hand wash showed a remarkable decrease compared with a machine wash. Rayon fabric seemed to be influenced by the quantity of water contained in the fabric after spinning and washing time. Therefore, the desirable washing conditions for rayon fabric are to reduce the time required for washing and to increase the spin speed.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2018

Nettle fiber, a sustainable fiber, was applied to the fabrication of denim to identify changes in textile appearance and formation. For the weaving of nettle denim, nine specimens, distinguished by three kinds of composite use of nettle fiber and three stages of fabrication processes, were used. The kinetic characteristics of the nine specimens were measured by the KES-FB system, and the images of the specimens of finished denim textiles, captured with a CCD Camera, were analyzed. In terms of the extensibility (EM) of nettle denim, all specimens showed post-processing increase, thereby suggesting an easy transformation of the textile as a source material for denim fabric. The effects of washing on the woven formation of denim were also identified. The geometric roughness (SMD), the problematic property of bast-fiber-like nettle fiber, was found to be decreased by washing. In terms of the bending rigidity (B) of the textile, the post-processing shrinking percentage of elastic nettle denim was found to decrease; all specimens that underwent bio-washing only also manifested that post-processing elasticity increased. To improve the draping of nettle denim, a mixed spinning together with washing were found to be advantageous. In terms of the shear stiffness (G), which is closely associated with the appearance of clothes, the formation of textile was improved regardless of the types of processing, including bio-washing and bleach washing.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.417-424
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• 2018

The use stage of a textile product impacts sustainability more significantly than other stages of the product's life cycle due to repeated washing and drying. This study determines efficient washing conditions, with high detergency, to reduce energy consumption from excessive washing and improve the washing process sustainability. Detergency was measured at various washing temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$) and time (10 min, 20 min, and 30 min) using standardized soiled fabrics, i.e., 100% cotton, polyester/cotton (65%/35%), and 100% polyester woven fabric soiled with pigment/sebum, carbon black/mineral oil, soot/mineral oil, cocoa, blood, and red wine. Detergency at the washing condition of $20^{\circ}C$ and 30 min was higher than that at $40^{\circ}C$ and 10 min. In addition, detergency at the condition of $40^{\circ}C$ and 30 min was also higher than that at $60^{\circ}C$ and 10 minutes. This may be because a reduced washing effect at low washing temperatures was complemented by increased mechanical action over a long time. Further, washing temperature and time, with the same detergency, differed based on the type of fiber and soil. Also, the influence of a detergent on the detergency depends on the type of soil. The results suggest that energy and detergent have been consumed more than necessary in actual laundry. According to each type of fiber and soil, washing conditions designed to reduce the energy consumption of the washing process while maintaining the same detergency, were determined.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.539-544
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to research source of soil which is available for non-detergent course, and to develop optimum non-detergent course of washing machine for water soluble soil. The water soluble soil such as grape juice, soy bean paste and soy sauce were easily removed from the fabric but the oil soluble soils such as sesame oil and steak sauce were insurfficiently removed in washing solution without detergent. In the absence of detergent, amount of residual soils increased linearly with increasing number of soiling and washing. To search optimum conditions of washing for non-detergent course, the effect of temperature, washing time and washing method on detergency of soil in non-detergent washing solution was examined. The optimum washing temperature and washing time for non-detergent course were about $40^{\circ}C$, and 7 minutes, respectively. And in the non-detergent washing solution, midterm drain-resupply of water during washing process was good for removal of water soluble soil.