• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 1984

To investigate stability for the quality of selected ginseng products, their sorption properties were clarified in red ginseng extract(RGEP), and red ginseng extract powder(RGEP), and red ginseng extract tea(RGET). Simultaneously, the BET monolayer value of each product was determined in order to inquire out the possibility of establishment as a criterion for the optimum moisture content of the ginseng products. Based on the BET monolayer moisture level of spray dried RGEP which ranged from 4.08 to 4.65%, it would be desirable to establish the optimum moisture content of the products at 4.4${\pm}$0.3%. This is 1.3 to 1.9% lower than the criter on, "less than 6.0%". The optimum moisture level for RGET of which monolayer value ranged 0.93 to 1.37% would be 1.2${\pm}$0.17%. In this case, the maximum permissible limit of moisture content could presumably be raised up to 1.37% in place of current criterion, "less than l.2%". From the results of a study on the growth of molds, the optimum moisture content for RGE assumed to be extended up to 40.0${\pm}$1.07 despite 36.0${\pm}$1.0% of the present criterion. On the other hand, a storage study under the maltreated condition, $48{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ 75%RH, was also carried out in order to make it clear whether the BET monolayer values were able to be used as indices for optimum moisture level of the products. In all samples tested adsorption occurred at even higher levels of moisture than the monolayer values. However, since there are many other possible factors affecting the quality of products the optimum moisture content is preferable to be reduced to the monolayer value. As a result, it was proved that the optimum level of moisture for both RGEP and RGET could be established by the monolayer values.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 1986

The effect of different inoculation amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores and fertilizers on the growth of Pinus densiflora seedlings grown in fumigated or nonfumigated soils were tested in the: polyethylene pots. To infest the pot soil with Pt spores, the mixture of the spores with sterilized nursery soil was used after seeding. Eighteen months after inoculation, mycorrhizal formation was 42-70% in fumigated plus Korean-Pt inoculated pots, 60-70% in fumigated plus U.S.-Pt inoculated pots, and less than 1% in non-fumigated, Korean-Pt inoculated pots. Growth enhancement effect of Pt spore inoculation was shown on only fumigated soil and the inoculation increased the seedlings height (8-38%), stem diameter (9-40%) and dry weight (6-73%). Especially 0.4g per pot application rate increased the height (30-31%), stem diameter (23-28%) and dry weight (56-69%), while the 0.2g U.S. Pt spore per pot rate increased 26-38, 17-20 and 58-60%, for height, stem diameter, and dry weight respectively. At 1X fertilizer application rate (urea 2g, fused superphoshate 4g, and potassium chloride 1g per pot), the 0.4g per pot rate resulted in more dry weight by 18% than that at 1/2X rate. The result indicated that there is a need for further research on inoculating nonfumigated soil with Pt and that appropriate application rates of fertilizers and Pt spores are 1X and 0.2-0.4g per pot on fumigated soil, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 1977

The Purposes of this study are to determine differences of body temperature between Right arid left subligual areas itself and differences depending upon the utilization rate of mastication according to time intervals and to determine the length of time necessary for temperature taking. This Experiment was conducted from Oct 6 through Oct 11, 1975. in which accurately tested clinical Centigrade Thermometers have been utilized. Two thermometers were inserted simultaneously under the right and left sublingual areas and the mouth kept closed while thermometers were in Place. Temperature readings were dr no at three minutes, five minutes and ten minutes. These procedures were repeated one hundred times to different subjects and the data were analyzed statistically by means of the t-test and the F-ratio. Under the 10 hypotheses designed for this study, The findings obtained are as follows; 1. The body temperatures taken at 3, 5, 10minutes intervals in the left sublingual areas were significantly higher than in the right sublingual areas , The average differences of body temperature between the right and left sublingual areas were 0.09$^{\circ}C$, 0.05$^{\circ}C$ and 0.03$^{\circ}C$ in the oder of time interval of 3, 5, and 10 minutes. 2. The body temperatures taken in the right sublingual areas among three different temperature readings, 3, 5 and 10 minutes were significantly different in 57 subjects who have been utilizing evenly both sides of the Teeth. The average readings in a group taking for 3 minutes was 37.04$^{\circ}C$, for 5 minutes 37.15$^{\circ}C$ and for 10minutes 37.28$^{\circ}C$. 3. The body temperatures taken in the left sublingual areas among three different temperature readings, 3, 5 and 10 minutes were significantly different in 57 subjects who have been utilizing evenly both sides of the tenth. The average reading in a group taking for 3 minutes was 37.13$^{\circ}C$, for 5 minutes 37.2$^{\circ}C$ and for 10 minutes 37.31$^{\circ}C$. 4., Oral temperatures taken at 3, 5, 10 minutes intervals at the side of mouth utilized for more frequent mastication were Significantly higher than the other side. The average differences of body temperature between more frequently utilized side and Less frequently utilized side were 0.08f, 0.08f and 0.09f in the order of time interval of 3, 5 and 10 minutes. 5. Oral temperature taken at the side of mouth more frequently utilized for mastication among three different temperature readings, 3, 5 and 10 minutes were significantly different in 43 subjects who have been unequally utilizing either side of teeth. The average reading in a group taking for 3 minutes was 37.09$^{\circ}C$, for 5 minutes 37.17$^{\circ}C$ and for 10 minutes 37.3$^{\circ}C$. 6. Oral temperature taken at the side of mouth less frequently utilized for mastication among three different temperature readings 3, 5 and 10 minutes were significantly different in 43 subjects who have been unequally utilizing either side of teeth. The average reading in a group taking for 3 minutes was 37.01$^{\circ}C$, for S minutes 37.09$^{\circ}C$ and for minutes 37.21$^{\circ}C$. As a result of this study, these differences among time intervals were statistically significant, but there were not so much differences as to be considered important in the clinical practice. Therefore, there would be clinically little difference between two groups who are taking for 3 minutes and for 10 minutes.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.53-68
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop lesson plans and teaching materials applying practical reasoning instruction for the 7th home economics curriculum content, and to test the effect of practical reasoning instruction on morality of middle school students. This study is a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design. Practical reasoning instruction for experimental group and traditionally lecture oriented instruction for comparison group were input, and tested the statistical differences between two groups before and after the treatment. The subjects for this study were 8th grade students of a middle school located in Kwangju city. Two classes of 76 students homogeneous in characteristics and academic record for each experimental and comparison group were assigned. Instrument used for this study was a revised moral indicator, that was developed by KEDI(2001). Spss/win for 10.0 statistics program was used for analysis of data. ANCOVA was done for testing statistical difference between pretest and posttest of experiment group and comparison group. Result of study which showed statistically significant difference between groups were：1. Virtue of "responsibility for words and deeds"(from 3.22 to 3.61 for experimental group and from 3.27 to 3.26 for comparison group) in domain of responsibility and cooperation, and virtue of "punctuality"(from 3.59 to 3.76 for experimental group and from 3.41 to 3.28 for comparison group) in domain of trustworthiness, 2. Virtue of "conversation etiquette"(from 3.47 to 3.67 for experimental group and from 3.28 to 3.31 for comparison group) in domain of caring for others, 3. Virtue of "forgiveness other′s mistakes"(from 3.32 to 3.65 for experimental group and from 3.33 to 3.25 for comparison group) in domain of kindness, concession, forgiveness, and virtue of "volunteering activity"(from 2.89 to 3.71 for experimental group and from 3.36 to 3.45 for comparison group) in domain of compassion and service, 4. Virtue of "equip the convenient facility for handicapped"(from 4.19 to 4.29 for experimental group and from 4.17 to 3.91 for comparison group) in domain of equality and human rights, virtue of "recovering selfness for own community"(from 2.34 to 2.79 for experimental group and from 2.14 to 2.29 for comparison group), virtue of "opposing way of accomplishing purpose by an means"(from 3.27 to 3.31 for experimental group and from 3.47 to 3.05 for comparison group), virtue of "opposing election of considering acquaintance"(from 3.35 to 3.56 for experimental group and from 3.12 to 3.14 for comparison group) in domain of fairness, and virtue of "eradication of military force or violence among countries"(from 3.49 to 3.57 for experimental group and from 3.38 to 3.05 for comparison group) in domain of love for humanity. The morality of experimental group was improved more than that of comparison group in all of above items. From the results of this study, following conclusion was drawn. Practical reasoning instruction in home economics is effective in raising students′ virtue and value of responsibility in words and deeds, trustworthiness in punctuality, courtesy of not interrupting conversation, forgiveness of other′s mistakes, volunteering activity, equity for handicapped, fairness opposing selfness for own community, fairness opposing way of accomplishing purpose by all means, fairness opposing election of considering acquaintance, and love for humanity opposing war.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.252-260
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• 2015

This paper describes the technical background for the Korean wildlife radiation dose assessment code, K-BIOTA, and the summary of its application. The K-BIOTA applies the graded approaches of 3 levels including the screening assessment (Level 1 & 2), and the detailed assessment based on the site specific data (Level 3). The screening level assessment is a preliminary step to determine whether the detailed assessment is needed, and calculates the dose rate for the grouped organisms, rather than an individual biota. In the Level 1 assessment, the risk quotient (RQ) is calculated by comparing the actual media concentration with the environmental media concentration limit (EMCL) derived from a bench-mark screening reference dose rate. If RQ for the Level 1 assessment is less than 1, it can be determined that the ecosystem would maintain its integrity, and the assessment is terminated. If the RQ is greater than 1, the Level 2 assessment, which calculates RQ using the average value of the concentration ratio (CR) and equilibrium distribution coefficient (Kd) for the grouped organisms, is carried out for the more realistic assessment. Thus, the Level 2 assessment is less conservative than the Level 1 assessment. If RQ for the Level 2 assessment is less than 1, it can be determined that the ecosystem would maintain its integrity, and the assessment is terminated. If the RQ is greater than 1, the Level 3 assessment is performed for the detailed assessment. In the Level 3 assessment, the radiation dose for the representative organism of a site is calculated by using the site specific data of occupancy factor, CR and Kd. In addition, the K-BIOTA allows the uncertainty analysis of the dose rate on CR, Kd and environmental medium concentration among input parameters optionally in the Level 3 assessment. The four probability density functions of normal, lognormal, uniform and exponential distribution can be applied.The applicability of the code was tested through the participation of IAEA EMRAS II (Environmental Modeling for Radiation Safety) for the comparison study of environmental models comparison, and as the result, it was proved that the K-BIOTA would be very useful to assess the radiation risk of the wildlife living in the various contaminated environment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.546-557
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• 2000

Background : Oligonucleotide chip technology has proven to be a very useful tool in the rapid diagnosis of infectious disease. Rifampin resistance is considered as a useful marker of multidrug-resistance in tuberculosis. Mutations in the rpoB gene coding $\beta$ subunit of RNA polymerase represent the main mechanism of rifampin resistance. The purpose of this study was to develop a diagnosis kit using oligonucleotide chip for the rapid and accurate detection of rifampin-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Method : The sequence specific probes for mutations in the rpoB gene were designed and spotted onto the glass slide, oligonucleotide chip. 38 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium were tested. A part of rpoB was amplified, labelled, and hybridized on the oligonucleotide chip with probes. Results were analyzed with a laser scanner. Direct sequencing was done to verify the results. Result : The low-density oligonucleotide chip design어 to determine the specific mutations in the rpoB gene of M. tuberculosis accurately detected rifampin resistance associated with mutations in 28 clinical isolates. Mutations at codons 531, 526, and 513 were confirmed by direct sequencing analysis. Conclusion : Mutant detection using oligonucleotide chip technology is a reliable and useful diagnostic tool for the detection of multidrug-resistance in M. tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.797-806
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• 1999

Background: About 20% of small cell lung cancer(SCLC) patients have bone marrow(EM) metastasis at the time of diagnosis and the remaining patients are also considered with micrometastasis. In an attempt to detect EM micrometastasis, we used cytokeratin(CK)-20 as a molecular marker, which is specific for epithelial cells. Method: A sensitive RT-PCR assay was used to compare CK-20 expression both in SCLC cell line H209 and normal leukocyte and to evaluate EM aspirates of 28 SCLC patients. Result: H209 cell line showed CK-20 expression but normal leukocyte did not, suggesting CK-20 expression is lung tissue-specific. Of 28 patients(11 limited disease, 17 extensive disease), only 2(1/11, 1/17) samples tested revealed positive signal for CK-20. Two patients with CK-20 expression had EM metastasis or multiple bone involvement during follow-up. Conclusion: Although circulating tumor cells were detected in EM of small portion of patients with bone metastasis, CK-20 doesn't seem to be a reliable marker for the detection of micrometastasis in SCLC. This study emphasizes that identification of more specific marker for micrometastsis is mandatory prior to clinical application.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.275-284
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• 2000

This study was carried out to analyze the mechanical properties of soil and the slope stability on the fill slope of forest road constructed in the regions which consist of igneous and metamorphic rock area. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Soil type by Unified Soil Classification System(USCS) was classified as SW in soil slope, GP in weathered rock slope, GP in soft rock slope for both types of parent rock, but gravelly soil slopes in igneous and metamorphic rock area were classified as SP and GW, respectively. 2) Dry unit weight was $1.34g/cm^2{\sim}1.59g/cm^2$, specific gravity 0.57~0.61, and void ratio 0.66~0.93 in the case of igneous rock area, a dry unit weight was $1.35g/cm^2{\sim}1.51g/cm^2$, specific gravity 2.67~2.77, and void ratio 0.78~1.01 in the case of metamorphic rock area. 3) The strength parameters such as internal friction angle(${\phi}$) and cohesion(c) were selected and tested for slope stability analysis. ${\phi}$ and c of soil in igneous rock area were within the range of $29.51^{\circ}{\sim}41.82^{\circ}$ and $0.03kg/cm^2{\sim}0.38kg/cm^2$, respectively, and $21.43^{\circ}{\sim}41.43^{\circ}$ and $0.05kg/cm^2{\sim}0.44kg/cm^2$ in metamorphic rock area, respectively. 4) Result of the slope stability analysis of forest road showed that, in the weathered rock slope of igneous rock and the weathered rock and soil slope of metamorphic rock area, the possibility of slope failure was high as safety factor was below 1.0.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.276-281
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• 2008

Extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers were tested for antioxidant and their inhibitory activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Total contents of phenolics were found as $30.6{\pm}0.14mg/g$ (60% EtOH extract) and $23.2{\pm}0.21mg/g$ (water extract). Electron donation ability (EDA), ABTS [2,2azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical decolorization, Antioxidant protection factor (PF) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were measured for the antioxidative activity of the extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers. The water extract were determined as 97.5% at ethanol extract showed 83.2% and 60% EtOH extract were 89.7% in EDA. The water extract showed higher antioxidant activity than 60% EtOH extract when evaluated by ABTS radical decolorization and antioxidant PF. The TBARS of water extracts and 60% EtOH extracts were shown as $0.29{\times}10^2{\mu}M\;and\;0.28{\times}10^2{\mu}M$, respectively, and were lower than control. ACE inhibitory activity in water extract (67.6% inhibition) was higher than that of 60% EtOH extract (46.7% inhibition) at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Water extracts had higher inhibitory activities on ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase than 60% EtOH extracts. The result suggests that the water extract from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2001

Development and reproduction of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci(B biotype) were investigated under different temperatures and host plants. Developmental periods from egg to pre-adult of whiteflies measured under four constant temperatures: they were 86.2 days at $15^{\circ}C$ and 17.0 days at $30^{\circ}C$. Lower threshold temperature and total effective temperature for the development of egg and nymph, and for the complete development (egg to emergence) were $10.1,\;11.6,\;11.1^{\circ}C$ and 110.3, 204.7, 317.3 degree days, respectively. The hatching and emergence rates were 87.0% at $25^{\circ}C$ and 76.7% at $20^{\circ}C$, which were higher than the results of other temperatures. The adult longevity was 23.6 and 14.0 days at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The highest average fecundity per female was 103.3 at $25^{\circ}C$. But there were no significant differences among the temperatures. The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase($r_{m}$) was 0.196 at $30^{\circ}C$ and the highest net reproduction rate ($R_{o}$) was 97.33 at $25^{\circ}C$. Developmental periods from egg to pre-adult of whiteflies were 21.2 on the tomato, 28.1 on red pepper, 22.2 on eggplant and 25.5 days on poinsetia. The hatching was highest (90.3%) on red paper and emergence rate was highest (89.6%) on eggplant. The longest longevity of adult female was 26.5 days on eggplant, and the average fecundity per female was greater on tomato and eggplant than on other host plants. The intrinsic rate of natural increase($r_{m}$) was the highest on tomato as 0.165 and the net reproduction rate ($R_{o}$) was the highest on eggplant as 106.1. As a result, the optimum range of temperature for the growth of B. tabaci was between $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, and the optimum host plant were tomato and eggplant among the plants tested.