• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.394-399
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to select suitable cultivars and evaluate growth characteristics to get basic information for sprouting peanut. On sprouting peanut, it showed a rapid increase in trans-resveratrol content that has effects on anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular in mouse. For this experiment, characteristics of peanut sprouts were tested in 37 cultivars grown for 7 days at $26^{\circ}C$ temperature. There were a lots of variations in the growth characteristics among cultivars as followers : The range of 100 grain weight was 56 to 142 g, hypocotyl length was 4.3 cm to 5.8 cm, diameter of hypocotyl was 5.0 to 8.0 mm, epicotyl length was 0.8 cm to 4.6 cm, seedling ratio per seed number was 84% to 100%, weight per seedling was 4.9 g to 8.4 g, the rate of hypocotyl cleavage was 0% to 46%, the content of trans-resveratrol was $22.5\;{\mu}g/g$ to $88.2\;{\mu}g/g$ and sprout yield was 360% to 820%. The selection points considered were high sprout yield, high seedling rate, high resveratrol content, low brownish cotyledon, no hypocotyl cleavage, and fat hypocotyl etc. The best cultivar selected was 'Jokwang' that showed 7.8 mm diameter, clean cotyledon color, 100% seedling rate, 0% hypocotyl cleavage, $63.3\;{\mu}g/g$ resveratrol, and 820% sprouting yield. This cultivar was expected to be of use as a new food and nutraceutical material. Relationship between growth characteristics showed that root length had significant positive correlations with epicotyl length, resveratrol content and sprouting yield but negative correlations with hypocotyl diameter and cleavage. Hundred grain weight showed negative correlations with resveratrol content, seedling rate and sprouting yield but positively correlated with curved hypocotyl rate and hypocotyl cleavage positively. This result showed small grain seed will be more appropriate for sprouting peanut.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2018

In this study, the inflammation of ethanol extracts from Caryopteris incana (CI) and fermented C. incana (FCI) on induced to lipopolysaccharide with Raw 264.7 cell was tested. The composition profile of L. plantarum was changed by fermentation, and confirmed by HPLC analysis. We performed the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol]-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay to evaluate the toxicity of CI and FCI extracts. In cell viability, cell toxicity was not shown at 5, 10 and $15{\mu}g/mL$ of CI extracts and 10, 20, 30 and $40{\mu}g/mL$ of FCI extracts. The results of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein production were confirmed to be inhibitory in a concentration-dependent manner, respectively. Additionally, protein expression of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ by CI and FCI extracts were also inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. In the result of pro-inflammatory cytokine, $15{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of CI extracts was showed tumar necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ (57.3%), interleukin (IL)-6 (35.2%), and $IL-1{\beta}$ (48.0%), respectively. And $40{\mu}g/mL$ of FCI extracts was showed $TNF-{\alpha}$ (34.6%), IL-6 (32.1%), and $IL-1{\beta}$ (30.0%), respectively. These results suggest that FCI extracts showed better effect of anti-inflammatory than CI extracts. Therefore, it was found that both CI and FCI can be used as an excellent material for the development of new anti-inflammatory resource.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2013

In vitro and in situ incubation studies were conducted to determine effects of yeast culture supplements (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on cellulolytic bacterial function and fiber digestion in rice straw. In vitro dry matter digestibility of rice straw gradually increased according to supplemental levels of yeast culture (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%). Digestibility of rice straw started to increase apparently when yeast culture was added more than 0.6% level (p<0.05). Also, we reconfirmed that in vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly increased by 0.6% of yeast culture addition in 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws (p<0.05). When in situ dry matter digestibility was tested in Korean native goats fed basal diet or experimental diet which contained 1.0% of yeast culture, the yeast culture feeding improved in situ dry matter digestibility in both 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws (p<0.05). In case of real-time PCR monitoring cellulolytic bacterial function, the bacterial population attached on rice straw showed the increasing trends with higher level of yeast culture spraying on rice straw. F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens were significantly increased in accordance to spraying levels of yeast culture (0.0, 0.1 and 0.3%) at both 12 and 24 hrs of in situ incubation (p<0.05). R. albus was significantly higher population in yeast culture spraying than non-soraying at 12 hrs of in situ incubation (p<0.05). These bacterial populations were showed the increasing trends with digestibility enhancement of rice straw according to the higher levels of yeast culture supplement. Overall, these results clearly suggest that the presence of yeast culture result in noticeable increase of rice straw digestion, which is modulated via good effect on cellulolytic bacterial attachment to fiber substrates.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.359-370
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to test the performance of the recommended summer dressing for office man through the analysis of skin temperature changes by air-conditioning temperature. We tested two clothing combinations; formal wear with necktie and casual shirts without necktie as for Cool mapsi. 4 male subjects sat to stabilize for thirty minutes after entering artificial-climate chamber with both temperature of $25^{\circ}C$, $27^{\circ}C$ and $50{\pm}10%$ R.H. And during 60 minute experiments of simulating office work, the subjective feelings including thermal, humidity and comfort sensation, skin temperature, clothing humidity and sweat amount were measured at the equal intervals. The result is that formal wear of $25^{\circ}C$ and Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$ show good values such as low skin temperature, low clothing humidity and neutral thermal sensation. And Cool mapsi of $25^{\circ}C$ shows the risk of low rectal temperature for long and static energy level of office work. Formal wear of $27^{\circ}C$ shows high values of mean skin temperature, clothing humidity and thermal sensation. Second experiment was to find the ambient temperature when the subject wearing formal wear shows the skin temperature corresponding to which he shows on Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$. The air-conditioning temperature on wearing formal wear has to be $2^{\circ}C$ lower to produce the corresponding skin temperature to which shows on wearing Cool mapsi of $27^{\circ}C$. Therefore it is possible to increase room temperature to $27^{\circ}C$, when wear Cool mapsi for summer office, for skin temperature and thermal sensation are produced the same.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contents of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities in teas. A total of 99 teas were tested for their antioxidant activities based on their ability to scavenge DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical. Antioxidant activity was expressed as mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per 100 g tea sample (L-ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity, AEAC) and was expressed as mg per 1 serving size (free radical scavenging activity, $FSC_{50}$). The total polyphenol contents of the extracts was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the total flavonoid contents of the extracts was determined using a modied method of Davis. Vitamin C was analyzed by HPLC method. According to the AEAC value, mate tea, green tea, black tea, oriental raisin tea, chamomile tea and burdock tea showed relatively high antioxidant activities. Polyphenolic compounds were the major naturally occurring antioxidant compounds found in teas and the high concentrations of total polyphenol compounds were observed in black tea, green tea and mate tea. The high concentrations of total flavonoid compounds were observed in mate tea, black tea and yam tea and the amount of vitamin C contents were found to be high in citron tea and green tea. As a result, steeping tea was much higher in antioxidant activity than either powdered tea or liquefied tea. According to the study, a high correlation was demonstrated between the total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities in teas (r = 0.846) and correlations between the total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities was statistically significant in teas (r = 0.625). It was found that also the proportional relationship established among the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities. That is, antioxidant activity of teas has been confirmed to have been caused by the total polyphenol.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2012

Purpose: Of the various methods of vision training, the essay aims to explore the effective ways of using the Fresnel prism lens in order to expand the positive fusional vergence for the patient having specific condition of convergence insufficiency or basic exophoria. Methods: 15 students of city of Daejeon university without an eye disease (average age $22.73{\pm}1.68$) were selected and underwent the subjective refraction test and binocular vision test, and recording their test results before vision training and replacing an identical frame with a lens of same quality after the full calibration, the lens was then adhered with the Fresnel prism lens and continued to train for thirty minutes daily during two weeks. Afterwards, the binocular vision test was reattempted. The observation of the change in the results of the binocular vision test in use of the fresnel prism lens in the vision training test was researched. Results: After training, the positive fusional vergence had increased to a number of $22.27{\pm}2.26$ $\Delta$, to 7.80 $\Delta$, at near, the fused cross cylinder test increased to an average of $0.55{\pm}0.09$ D, 0.40 D after training, showing a normal result. The value of negative relative accommodation after training had an average of $2.22{\pm}0.08$D, showing that 0.42 D had increased. The value of near point of convergence after training had an average of $6.13{\pm}0.53$ cm, showing that 2.80 cm had decreased. To patients who had convergence insufficiency or basic exophoria, the value of the near vision test that used the Fresnel prism lens which was able to expand BO positive fusional vergence had increased without phoria. Conclusions: The changes were tested and the effectiveness of the Fresnel prism lens, due to the nature of the lens itself, helped with both cosmetic effects and cost. It also allows good optical correction effects, in addition to these clinical effects indicated before. Therefore, it may be determined that the Fresnel prism lens binocular vision therapy for patients is more popular and highly recommended.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 2009

Viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparations of all biopharmaceuticals derived from plasma, cell lines, or tissues of human or animal origin. To ensure the safety, implementation of multiple viral clearance (inactivation and/or removal) steps has been highly recommended for manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. Of the possible viral clearance strategies, Ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation has been known as an effective viral inactivating method. However it has been dismissed by biopharmaceutical industry as a result of the potential for protein damage and the difficulty in delivering uniform doses. Recently a continuous flow UVC reactor (UVivatec) was developed to provide highly efficient mixing and maximize virus exposure to the UV light. In order to investigate the effectiveness of UVivatec to inactivate viruses without causing significant protein damage, the feasibility of the UVC irradiation process was studied with a commercial therapeutic protein. Recovery yield in the optimized condition of $3,000\;J/m^2$ irradiation was more than 98%. The efficacy and robustness of the UVC reactor was evaluated with regard to the inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), bovine parvovirus (BPV), minute virus of mice (MVM), reovirus type 3 (REO), and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV). Non enveloped viruses (HAV, PPV, BPV, MVM, and REO) were completely inactivated to undetectable levels by $3,000\;J/m^2$ irradiation. Enveloped viruses such as HIV, BVDV, and BPIV were completely inactivated to undetectable levels. However BHV was incompletely inactivated with slight residual infectivity remaining even after $3,000\;J/m^2$ irradiation. The log reduction factors achieved by UVC irradiation were ${\geq}3.89$ for HIV, ${\geq}5.27$ for HAV, 5.29 for BHV, ${\geq}5.96$ for BVDV, ${\geq}4.37$ for PPV, ${\geq}3.55$ for BPV, ${\geq}3.51$ for MVM, ${\geq}4.20$ for REO, and ${\geq}4.15$ for BPIV. These results indicate that UVC irradiation using UVivatec was very effective and robust in inactivating all the viruses tested.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 1990

Methylene Blue (MeB) and gentian violet $(10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-4}\;M)$ produced contractions in isolated thoracic aortic preparations of rabbits in a dose-dependent fashion, while other dyes, evans blue and eosine yellowish, did not affect the basal tension in the same range of doses. Porcine mesenteric arterial rings also responded to MeB with dose-dependent contractions. Single dose of $10^{-4}$ M MeB produced a biphasic response: contraction followed by relaxation. The contraction developed slowly within $2{\sim}4$ min and peaked in about 20 minutes and then slowly relaxed to the basal level. Tyramine $(10^{-4}\;M)$ also induced contraction but it developed faster and was more persistent than that of MeB. While the tyramine-induced tension was reproducible, the MeB-induced one wat not reiterable until 3 to 5 hours after washing out the MeB. Adding $10^{-4}$ M MeB further potentiated the contraction induced by $10^{-4}$ M tyramine. However, the MeB contraction was not affected by further addition or tyramine. Both tyramine- and MeB-induced tensions were abolished or significantly inhibited by pretreatment with various drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system. The tyramine-induced tension was more sensitive to guanethidine and 6-hydroxydopamine than the MeB-induced tension, while the latter was more sensitive to $Ca^{2+}-free$ PSS and reserpine. But they have similar sensitivity to prazosin. The MeB-induced tension was significantly inhibited but not abolished by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment. However, either tyramine or 6-hydroxydopamine could not affect the basal tension of the ring that MeB once had been tested. These results suggest that MeB-induced contractions of rabbit thoracic aorta and porcine mesenteric artery result from a release of endogenous norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings and are dependent in part on extracellular calcium, and that the potency of MeB to release or to deplete norepinephrine is greater than that of either tyramine or 6-hydroxydopamine.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5877-5884
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• 2014

Recently, abnormally cold weather has been reported more frequently in winter due to the climate change and abnormal weather changes. On the other hand, the heating capacity of a railcar may be not enough to warm the cabin under severe cold climatic conditions, which is one of the reasons for the passengers' complaints about heating. In this study, the effects of ambient temperature and heater power on the cabin temperature was investigated to obtain the minimum ambient temperature for the tested railcar. The test railcar was placed in a large-climatic chamber, and various ambient temperature conditions were simulated. The effects of the heater output were investigated by monitoring the cabin temperature under a range of heater output conditions. The mean cabin temperature was $14.0^{\circ}C$, which was far lower than the required minimum temperature of $18^{\circ}C$, under a $-10^{\circ}C$ ambient temperature condition with the maximum heat power. When the ambient temperature was set to $0^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, the maximum achievable cabin temperature was $26.1^{\circ}C$ and $34.0^{\circ}C$. Through calculations using the interpolation method, the minimum ambient temperature to maintain an $18^{\circ}C$ cabin temperature was $-6.7^{\circ}C$ for this car. The vertical temperature difference was higher with a higher power output and higher ambient temperature. The maximum vertical temperature difference was higher than $10^{\circ}C$ in some cases. However, the horizontal temperature difference vs. low temperature (< $2^{\circ}C$) was independent of the power output and ambient temperature. As a result, it is very important to reduce the vertical temperature difference to achieve good heating performance.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.155-163
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• 2003

This study was conducted to find out suitable rootzone profile, irrigation system, and turfgrass species for roof turf garden. Treatments of profile with soil amendment were Mixture I: Perlite(PL)60％＋Vermiculite(VC)20％＋Peatmoss(PM)20％, Mixture II: PL60％＋VC 10％＋PM20％＋Sand(SD)10％, Mixture III: PL60％＋VC20％＋PM20％ and Mixture IV: PL60％＋VC10％＋PM20％＋SD10％＋Styrofoam 5cm as a drain layer. To test trickle irrigation for roof garden, intervals of main pipe spacing(50cm, 100cm) and drop hole distance(15, 20, 30, 50 and 100cm)were treated, To select most suitable turfgrass species or mixture, Bermudagrass 'Konwoo', Zoysiagrass 'Konhee' and cool-season grass(Kentucky Bluegrass 80％ ＋ Perennial Ryegrass 20％, Tall Fescue 30％ ＋ KB50％ ＋ PR 20％)were tested. In particle size analysis, the soil amendments Perlite and vermiculite showed very even distribution, however, peatmoss contained mostly coarse particles with fiber over $\Phi$ 4.75mm. Under field moisture condition, vermiculite and peatmoss showed 350％ water holding capacity, on the other hand, sand or Perlite showed 115％ and 166％, respectively. Total weight of soil profile was 139.2kg/$m^2$ with Styrofoam drain layer without sand, which showed most lightest among treatments. Turf quality also resulted positve with Styrofoam drain layer installation. On trickle irrigation system, the proper interval of main drain pipe spacing and drop hole distance were 50cm and 50cm, respectively, In irrigation frequency, once per a day for 15 minute irrigation with 2 1/hr showed the best results on turf quality. Among turfgrass species or cool season grass mixture, warm season turfgrass fine leaf type zoysiagrass 'Konhee' and Bermudagrass 'Konwoo' showed very acceptable result on all over the treatments of rootzone and irrigation system. To apply cool season grasses for the roof garden, advanced researches may be needed to establish the proper soil amendment, rootzone profile, and irrigation system, Application of Bermudagrass 'Konwoo' for roof turf garden also needs successive tests to overcome winter injuries.