• 환경위생공학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 1994

Acute toxicity of heavy metals( mercury, cadmium lead, chromium and copper ), organophosphours insecticides( EPN, 2, 4- D, and parathion ), and other chemicals( arsenic, cyanide, and phenol ) to Daphnia magna was analyzed. Acute toxicity of heavy metals, organophosphours insecticides and other chemicals on Daphnia magna, LC$_{50}$ was showed 0.07-0.73mg/1, 0.22-1.94mg/t and 1.73-39.92mg/1 respectively. Daphnia magna to most of toxic chemicals was sensitive and then it seems to be useful except phenol in toxic test of water. Toxic chemicals were classified as Group 1 which had a high LC$_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity according to the increase of concentration, Group 2 which had a high LC$_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, Group 3 which had a low LC$_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity. To Daphnia magna, lead, chromium, EPN, and parathion were included in Group 1; Mercury and copper in Group 2; Arsenic and cadmium in Group 3; Cyanide 2,4- D, and phenol in Group 4.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.383-388
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• 2011

본 연구는 새롭게 개발된 제초제인 methiozolin의 인체 안전성을 평가하기 위해 급성독성시험을 수행하였다. 랫드를 이용한 급성 독성 시험에서 2,000 mg/kg의 용량을 고용량으로 하여 단계적으로 투여한 결과 methiozolin의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg bw 이상이었다. 급성 경피독성시험결과 시험물질을 고용량 4,000 mg/kg을 투여한 결과 별다른 사망동물이 발생하지 않아 시험물질의 $LD_{50}$이 4,000 mg/kg bw 이상으로 나타났다. 피부자극성 시험결과 시험물질의 약한 자극성이 나타났으며, 안점막 자극성 시험결과 약한 자극성이 있었다. 이상의 연구 결과 경구 독성의 경우 methozolin은 GHS 카테고리 IV에 해당하는 물질로 판단된다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 methiozolin은 안전한 제초제로서 추후 만성 독성 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2000

Acute and subacute toxicity of Artemisia asistica Nakai Aqua-acupuncture Solution (ANAS) were studied in ICR mice. In acute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with single dose of $1{\times}$, $5{\times}$, $10{\times}$ ANAS, and toxicological responeses were observed for consecutive 14 days. Mortality, body weight changes, organ weight, and serum chemistry were performed. The mortality and body weight changes of mice treated with $1{\times}$ and $5{\times}$ ANAS were not affected during the experimental periods. With the $10{\times}$ ANAS treatment, there were dead animals and changes of body weight, organ weight and serum biochemical values were observed during the experimental period. In subacute toxicity test, mice were injected intraperitoneally with doses of $1{\times}$, $10{\times}$ ANAS for 14 days. No difference was found between control and $1{\times}$ ANAS treated group in mortality, changes of body weight and organ weight, and serum biochemical values. However, Dead animals, changes of body weight and organ weight, and increased serum biochemical values were observed with $10{\times}$ ANAS treated groups. These results suggest that $1{\times}$ ANAS causes no toxicity in acute and subacute toxicity tests. However $10{\times}$ ANAS causes toxicity in both tests.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.72-83
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• 2024

Most of the slags generated from steel-making industry in Korea are recycled into media-contact aggregates such as fill and cover materials. For their use as media-contact aggregates, the slags must meet not only the waste quality criteria, but also the Daphnia magna acute toxicity test criteria. In this study, Korean Leaching Test ES 06150.e (Korea), Japanese Leaching Test JIS K 0058-1(Japan), Detuch Leaching Test DIN 19529 (Germany), Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (USA) were conducted for batch leaching test of slags from 6 Korean steel-making companies. In addition, Korean Standard up-flow percolation test (ES 06151.1) mimicking field conditions was conducted to assess the impact of the slag leachate on the surrounding environment indirectly. Heavy metals such as Cr⁶⁺ and Zn²⁺ were detected from both extractant and leachate samples, but all of them did not exceed waste quality criteria of each country. However, Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests using the leachate samples from up-flow percolation test with slag alone and slag/natural soil conditions exceeded ecotoxicity standard (TU=2) due to their high pH (11.3-12.5). After neutralizing the pH of the slag leachate to 6.5~8.5, the Daphnia magna mortality and immobilization were reduced to satisfy ecotoxicity standard. As the reducing pH of slag leachate would be extremely difficult, appropriate recycling management considering the physicochemical characteristics of he slags should be stuided further.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

A series of experiments were conducted to develop standard test organisms and test protocols for measuring sediment toxicity using candidate amphipods such as Mandibulophoxus mai, Monocorophium acherusicum, Haustorioides indivisus, and Haustorioides koreanus, which are indigenous to Korea. The relevant association of test species with sediment substrates was one of the important factors in sediment bioassay. The indigenous amphipods M mai and M. acherusicum were well associated with test sediments when they were exposed to various sediment substrates from sand to mud. The tolerant limits to various physico-chemical factors affecting bioassay results such as temperature, salinity and ammonia, as well as sensitivities to reference toxicant and contaminated sediments, were investigated using M. mai and M. acherusicum in the present study. These amphipods were tolerant to relatively wide ranges of salinity $(10{\sim}30\;psu)$ and ammonia (<50 ppm), and displayed relevant sensitivity to temperature as well. They are more sensitive to Cd, the reference toxicant, when compared to the standard test species used in other countries. Field-sediment toxicity tests revealed that M. mai would be more sensitive to sediment-associated pollutants than M. acherusicum, while the sensitivity of M. acherusicum was comparable to that of Leptocheirus plumulosus, which has been used as a standard test species in the United States of America. Overall results of this first attempt to develop an amphipod sediment toxicity test protocol in Korea indicated that M. mai and M. acherusicum would be applicable in the toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments, following the further evaluation encompassing various ecological and toxicological studies in addition to test method standardization.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.27-42
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• 2002

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and subacute toxicity and sarcoma- 180 anti-cancer effects of Herbal acupuncture with Triglii Semen in mice and rats. Method: Balble mice were injected intraperitoneally with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture for $LD_{50}$ and acute toxicity test. Sprague Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture for subacute toxicity test. The Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture was injected on Chung-wan(CV12) of mice with S-180 cancer cell line. Results: 1. In acute toxicity test, the $LD_{50}$ value was $7.49{\times}10^3$ml, 0.30ml/kg.2. The body weights of mice treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture increased during the acute toxicity test. 3. In acute toxicity test of serum biochenrical values of mice, total protein was decreased in treatment groups I, 2 and 3, albunrin was decreased in treatment groups 2 and 3 compared to the control group. GOT was increased in treatment group I and Alk. Phosphatase was increased in treatment groups 1,2 and 3 compared to the normal group(p<0.05). 4.ln subacute toxicity test, severe tissue injury was found in lung and liver. 5. In subacute toxicity test, the body weight was decreased in treatment groups I and 2 compared to the normal group and the weight of liver. lung and kidney were increased in treatment groups 1, 2 and 3 compared to the normal group.(p<0.05) 6. In subacute toxicity test, RBC, HGB and HCT were decreased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the normal group. MCV was increased in treatment group1 compared to the normal group, MCH was increased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group in complete blood count test.(p<0.05) 7. In subacute toxicity test, total protein was decreased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the nonnal group, BUN was increased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the nonnal group, creatinine and uric acid were decreased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the normal group, glucose was increased in treatment group 2 compared to the nonnal group, triglycelide was decreased in treatment groups I and 2 compared to the normal group, total cholesterol was increased in treatment groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group. GOT was decreased in treatment group 2 compared to the normal and control group, AIk. Phosphatase was increased in treatment group 1 compared to the normal and control group.(p<0.05) 8. Median survival time was 17days in treatment group 2 for S- 180 cancer cell treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture. 9. Natural killer cell activity was insignificant for S-180 cell treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture.(p<0.05) 10. lnterieukin-2 productivity was decreased for S-180 cell treated with Triglii semen Herbal acupuncture compared to the normal and control group.(p<0.05) Conclusion: According to the results, we can conclude Herbal-acupuncture with Triglii semen caused toxicity, and caused no effects in S-180 cancer cell.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2008

해양 기원의 발광박테리아 Vibrio fischeri를 이용한 발광박테리아 독성시험법은 1980년대 초반에 소개된 이후 많은 연구자들에 의해 이용되어오다 1998년 국제공인시험법으로 등재되어 지금은 전 세계적으로 이용되고 있다. 이 시험법은 테스트하고자하는 화학물질이나 환경시료에 발광박테리아를 30분간 노출시킨 후 나타나는 발광량 감소의 정도로서 독성 유무나 강도를 평가하는 방법으로서 신속성, 정밀성, 민감성, 경제성이 뛰어나다는 평가를 받고 있으며, 시험생물의 유지/배양없이 상용화된 키트 제품을 이용하여 독성 시험을 수행할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 해양성 발광 박테리아 독성평가 키트로 판매되는 상용화제품(N-Tox)을 이용하여 수행된 결과를 제시하였다. 시험법 개발 및 표준화를 위한 시험항목으로는 시료 주입량, 발광량과 같은 기본 항목 테스트와 표준독성물질을 이용한 정도관리 테스트, 화학물질 및 현장시료에 대한 테스트가 포함되었다. 이 시험법은 자동화되어 누구나 쉽게 수행이 가능하면서도, 시험 결과 독성물질에 대한 용량-반응 관계가 확실하게 평가되고, 정밀도가 뛰어나며, 현장시료 독성평가에 이용할 수 있을 정도의 민감성을 지닌 것으로 입증되었다. 따라서 아직 생물검정이 보편화되지 않은 국내에서 편리하게 이용할 수 있는 표준독성시험방법의 하나로서 활용 가능하다고 사료된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.67-83
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the single dose toxicity with oral administration and genotoxicities of Ssanghwa-tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus. Materials and Methods: Clinical signs, weight changes, lethal doses$(LD_{50})$, and postmortem evaluation were determined by Globally Harmonized Classification System(GHCS) in a single-dose oral toxicity study. In vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test was conducted with Ames test by cell proliferation suppression assessment using the cultivated CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast) origins. Bacterial reversion assay was performed using Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA). In vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mouse bone marrow. Results: No clinical sign was observed and none of the groups with doses up to 2000 mg/kg showed significant acute oral toxicity in the single dose oral administration. None of the sample doses taken during the 6 to 18 hour groups showed significant aberrant metaphases comparing to the negative control group in the in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen for Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) or Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537). No significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei was seen in the micronucleus test. Conclusion: These results indicate that the $LD_{50}$ value of Ssanghwa-Tang fermented with Lactobacillus acidophyllus may be over 2000 mg/kg and it have no acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.357-367
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to study on the acute toxicity of Thesium Chinese Turczaninow solution for aqua-acupuncture. Test material was manufactured by 'Water Alcohol method'. Mice and rats were used for this test. According to this experimental results, there were not observed any acute toxicity with Thesium Chinese Turczaninow solution for aqua-acupuncture. So Thesium Chinese Turczaninow solition for aqua-acupuncture is considered a have level of cliniccal safety. It is expected to be clinically helpful, and it is considered that continuous study is necessary.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the skin irritation toxicity of processed sulfur. Methods: All experiments were conducted at Medvill (Korea), an institution authorized to perform non-clinical studies, under the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations. In order to investigate skin irritation toxicity of processed sulfur, we divided the back of six rabbits into two control sites and two test sites. One of each of the two control and test sites was then designated abraded sites and intact sites. In test sites, 0.5 g of processed sulfur was applied to the back of the rabbit for 24 hours, and in control sites, 0.5 g of sterile distilled water was applied in the same way. We observed and evaluated mortality, weight, general symptoms, and skin irritation toxicity. This study was conducted with the approval of the Animal Ethics Committee (Approval number: IAC2020-1549). Results: In all experiments, no dead animals were observed. In all cases, skin coloration was observed at 24 hours after processed sulfur administration. This coloration lasted up to 48 hours and is believed to be the effect of the administration of test substances. Weight measurement indicated that weight was lost 72 hours after administration in three cases, but this is considered an accidental weight change. Normal weight gain was observed in the remaining subjects. In all animals, no skin irritation toxicity was observed, and the primary irritation index (P.I.I) was calculated as 0.0 according to Draize's evaluation method. Conclusion: The above findings suggest that it is relatively safe to apply a processed sulfur to the skin. Further research on this topic is needed to provide more specific evidence.