• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1485-1491
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• 2015

There are two treatment processes that are currently applied to ships are the biological treatment process using the activated sludge and the electrochemical treatment. However, neither of them are able to remove both nitrogen and phosphorus due to their limited ability to remove organic matters, which are main causes of the red tide. This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of nitrogen removal factors from manure wastewater by replacing the final settling tank in SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor) process and applying immersion type hollow fiber membrane. SBR process is known to have an advantage of the least land requirement in special environment such as in ship and the immersion type hollow fiber membrane is more stable in water quality change. As the result, the average in the cases of DO (Dissolved Oxygen) is 2.9(0. 6~3.9) mg/L which was determined to be the denitrifying microorganism activity in anaerobic conditions. The average in the cases of ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) is 98.4~237.3 mV which was determined to be the termination of nitrification since the inflection point was formed on the ORP curve due to decrease in the stirring treatment after the aeration, same as in the cases of DO. Little or no variation in the pH was determined to have positive effect on the nitrification. T-N (Total Nitrigen) removal efficiencies of the finally treated water were 71.4%, 72.3% and 66.5% in relatively average figures, thus was not a distinct prominence. In being applied in ships in the future, the operating conditions and structure improvements are deemed necessary since the MEPC (Marine Environment Protection Committee). 227(64) ship sewage nitrogen is less than the standard of 20 Qi/Qe mg/L or the removal rate of 70%.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.581-594
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• 2011

The traditional method of 3+3 standard design and model-based Bayesian continual reassessment method (CRM) are commonly used in Phase I clinical trials to identify the maximal tolerated dose(MTD) of a new drug. In this paper we review clinical examples of Phase I trials that were carried out in patients with refractory or relapsed leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. The recently proposed 3+1+1 design and rolling-6 design can shorten the trial duration, when a very slow accrual of patients with a simple 3+3 standard design may result in the untimely termination of trials. Too conservative approaches in determining the dose levels in Phase I clinical trials can leave clinical investigators unable to accurately determine the MTD. When determining future patient doses, the designs that use a time-to-event CRM can cooperate late toxicities by accounting for the proportion of the observation period of each enrolled patient. With the CRM design, simulations under different scenarios during the trial are important in detecting the under- or over-estimation of the initial estimate of the dose-limiting toxicity rate for each dose level. We present the advantages and drawbacks of the designs used in Phase I clinical trials for leukemia patients.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 2013

Recently, ITU-T/VCEG and ISO/IEC MPEG have started a new joint standardization activity on video coding, called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). This new standard gives significant improvement in terms of picture quality for high resolution video. The main challenge in this upcoming standard is the time complexity. In this paper we have focused on CU splitting algorithm. We have proposed a novel algorithm which can terminate the CU splitting process early based on the RD cost of the parent and current level and the motion vector value of the current CU. Experimental result shows that our proposed algorithm gives on average more than about 10% decrement in time over ECU [8] with on average 1.78% of BD loss on the original.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.531-547
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• 2013

Multiple life models are useful in multiple life insurance and multiple life annuities when the payment times of benets in these insurance products are contingent on the future life times of at least two people. A reverse mortgage is an annuity whose monthly payments terminate at the death time of the last survivor; however, actuaries have used female life table to calculate monthly payments of a reverse mortgage. This approach may overestimate monthly payments. This paper suggests a last-survivor life table rather than a female life table to avoid the overestimation of monthly payments. Next, this paper derives the distribution of the future life time of last survivor, and calculates the expected life times of male, female and last survivor. This paper calculates principal limits and monthly payments in cases of male life table, female life table and last-survivor life table, respectively. Some numerical examples are discussed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.189-194
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• 2003

Rice seeds of 4 cultivars including Whachung-giant embryonic rice and Nampung-giant embryonic rice, as a group of the non-waxy rice cultivars, and Shinsunchal-giant embryonic rice and Whachungchal-giant embryonic rice, as that of the waxy rice cultivars, were germinated at $27^{\circ}C$ for 3 days to compare the changes in some physicochemical properties of the starch granules and the starch-hydrolysing enzyme activities during germination, respectively. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ activity of rices germinated for 3 days found to be higher than that of malt. Especially, Whachung-giant embryonic rice and Shinsunchal-giant embryonic rice were greater in activity than other rice cultivars and possessed the activities double that of malt. In contrast, ${\beta}-amylase$ of germinated rice found to be considerably less active than malt, although the giant embryonic rice group showed prevalent activity as compared o the normal rice group. With the starch granules, the amount of long glucose chains from amylose molecules were reduced in the non-waxy type giant embryonic rices, while the chain length increase was found in the waxy type giant embryonic rices. For the distribution profile of the glucose chain length from amylopectin molecules, we could observed that the chain length with DP (degree of polymerization) ranged 33 to 66 and 14 to 32 increased with the decreasing rate of that above 67 and below 13 regardless of starch waxiness. With non-waxy type of giant embryonic rices, susceptibility for glucoamylase were found to reduce along with germination, however, increase in susceptibility was observed with waxy rice types. In addition, we found the reduction in both initiation and termination temperature, and enthalpy for gelatinization.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of crumb rubber recycled from used tires as a soil incorporation and topdressing materials on a trafficked Korean lawngrass‘Zenith’(Zoysia japonica). In Exp 1, incorporation treatments included three particle sizes (PS: coarse =4∼6.35 mm, medium =2∼4 mm, and One : less than 2 mm in diameter) and two incorporation rate (IR: 10 and 20%). Wear treatments were applied 30 passes per day by compactor weights being 60 kg with soccer shoes. Topdressing treatments included three PS and two topdressing depth (TD: 5 and 10 mm). Wear treatments were the same as described in Exp 1. In Exp 1, the treatment with medium PS+IR 20 resulted in the tendency to have high total clipping yield. There was no significant difference in clipping yield, turfgrass visual color, coverage, and root length among the treatments. Compared to control, tissue Zn levels increased about 6.5-fold by the treatments. The treatment with fine PS +IR 20 caused a less peak deceleration than coarse PS +IR 10. Total porosity, air-filled porosity, and capillary porosity increased with fine PS +IR 20. In Exp 2, compared to controls, however, there was a difference in turfgrass visual color after the termination of traffic treatment. There was no difference in root length. The treatment with fine PS + TD 10 resulted in the highest total clipping yield. As a result of soil physical analysis, soil penetration resistance was reduced by the treatments. The treatment with coarse PS resulted in a less peak deceleration than fine PS. In conclusion, turfgrass growth was increased by crumb rubber incorporation which enhanced soil physical properties. The crumb rubber topdressing was able to cushion the crown tissue area while still providing a smooth and uniform surface, improve overall turfgrass quality, and reduce compaction.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.166-174
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• 1966

The multistep mechanism of photosensitized curing reaction cinnamoylated photosensitive polymer is proposed from the energy level diagram of cinnamic acid and sensitizer, and from the fact that excess of sensitizer brings the sensitivity to a limiting value etc. Various factors which have effects on the ability of sensitizer are also discussed. The mechanism involves following steps: activation to the first excited singlet states of cinnamoyl group(C) and sensitizer(S) by their absorption of photon, their intersystem crossing to the lowest triplet state, bimolecular internal quenching by formation of excimer of sensitizer, triplet excitation energy transfer and intermolecular addition between cinnamoyl group in ground state and that in triplet state. The rate equation derived from this mechanism is $-\frac{d[C]}{dt} = \frac{K_1[C]}{K_2 + [C]}[\frac{I^c_{abs}}{K_3 + [S]} + \frac{K_4[C]}{(K_5 + [C])(K_6 + [S])}(I^s_{abs} + \frac{K_7I^c_{abs}[S]}{K_8 + [S]})]$ where $I^c_{abs}\;and\;I^s_{abs}$: the rates of absorption of photon by cinnamoyl group and sensitizer $K_n$: Constants. It is proved with the cinnamate of poly(glyceryl phthalate)(PGC) in the absence of sensitizer using the infrared analytical method and successfully applied for the experimental data reported on the effects of the degree of cinnamoyl esterification and the concentration of sensitizer upon the sensitivity.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 2008

Proper tree vigor and crop load were determined for 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees in high density planting system from 2001 to 2003. Leaf/fruit ratio was highly correlated to mean fruit weight (y=1.715x+205.02, $R^2=0.66^{**}$) and yield (y=-35.l56x+5963.7, $R^2=0.44^{**}$). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the number of leaves per tree and mean fruit weight. However, crop load did not affect tree growth, soluble solids content of fruit, and Hunter a value. To harvest the fruits heavier than 300 g without biennial bearing, it was appropriate to crop 55 to 64 fruits in a tree with 55 leaves per fruit of adult tree. The good indices for proper tree vigor could be 20 to 25 cm of mean shoot length and above 95% of shoot termination rate. Moreover, no secondary growth and 20 to 30% of spur formation could be the indices for highly productive tree vigor.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 2021

A heavy particle accelerator is a device that accelerates particles using high energy and is used in various fields such as medical and industrial fields as well as research. However, secondary neutrons and particle fragments are generated by the high-energy particle beam, and among them, the neutrons do not have an electric charge and directly interact with the nucleus to cause radiation of the material. Quantitative evaluation of the radioactive material produced in this way is necessary, but there are many difficulties in actual measurement during or after operation. Therefore, this study compared and evaluated the generated radioactive material in the concrete shield for protons and carbon ions of specific energy by using the simulation code FLUKA. For the evaluation of each energy of proton beam and carbon ion, the reliability of the source term was secured within 2% of the relative error with the data of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory(NSRL), which is an internationally standardized data. In the evaluation, carbon ions exhibited higher neutron flux than protons. Afterwards, in the evaluation of radioactive materials under actual operating conditions for disposal, a large amount of short-lived beta-decay nuclides occurred immediately after the operation was terminated, and in the case of protons with a high beam speed, more radioactive products were generated than carbon ions. At this time, radionuclides of ⁴⁴Sc, ³H and ²²Na were observed at a high rate. In addition, as the cooling time elapsed, the ratio of long-lived nuclides increased. For nonparticulate radionuclides, ³H, ²²Na, and for particulate radionuclides, ⁴⁴Ti, ⁵⁵Fe, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, and ¹⁵⁴Eu nuclides showed a high ratio. In this study, it is judged that it is possible to use the particle accelerator as basic data for facility maintenance, repair and dismantling through the prediction of radioactive materials in concrete according to the cooling time after operation and termination of operation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2003

The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHR) is a member of the rhodopsin-like subfamily of G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs), that has been shown to mediate the internalization of its two naturally occurring agonist, lutropin and choriogonadotropin (CG). The clustered agonist-receptor complex is internalized by a dynamin-dependent pathway and traverses the endosomal compartment without agonist dissociation Dissociation of the agonist-receptor complex occurs in the lysosomes, where both the agonist and receptor are degrade. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty (FMPP). A FMPP is a form of sexual precocious puberty in boys in which testosterone levels are elevated independent of changes in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and serum luteinizing hormone levels, We have now analyzed two naturally occurring, constitutively active mutants of the human LHR. These mutations were introduced into the rat LHR (rLHR) and are designated L435R and D556Y. Cells expressing rLHR-D556Y bind human choriogonadotropin (hCG) with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. Cells expressing rLHR-L435R also bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 47-fold increase in basal cAMP, and do not respond to hCG with a further increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17- fold, respectively We conclude that the state of activation of the rLHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing rLHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. The finding that membranes expressing rLHR-L435R respond to hCG with an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity supports this suggestion. Autonomous Leydig cell activity in FMPP is caused by a constitutively activating LH/CGR.