• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 1999

Background: About 75% of terminal cancer patients have severe pain. For the treatment of these patients, physicians usually use potent opioid analgesics. But many of the cancer patients were not controlled by IV or IM injection of opioids. In spite of the untreatable nature of the patient's illness, they should be hospitalized only for pain control. In that case, epidural opioid injection is one of the most effective methods in pain management. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 126 terminal cancer patients who were treated with epidural morphine for pain management from 1993-97. In the routine procedure, an epidural catheter was inserted into the epidural space and tunnelled subcutaneously, exiting out from the anterior chest or abdomen. Morphine was used as the main analgesic and Multiday Infusor$^{(R)}$ (Baxter, 0.5 ml/h) as a continuous infusion system. Results: 1. Mean treatment time was 55 days (range; 3~373). 2. Mean daily epidural start mg dose of morphine was 8 mg (range; 2~20). 3. Mean daily dose at termination was 19 mg (range; 4~60) 4. 94 patients were controlled with continuous infusion but 32 patients needed additional bolus doses of morphine. 5. heter-associated subcutaneous infection occurred in 2 patients (1.6%). Conclusion: Terminal cancer pain management administered by a tunnelled epidural catheter is a simple, inexpensive method with a very small rate of infection.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2005

Background: Most terminal cancer patients suffered from intractable pain. For the treatment of these patients, opioids, via various routes, are usually administered. Continuous epidural opioid, especially morphine, administration is a good method for the management of intractable cancer pain. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 347 terminal cancer patients, who had been treated with continuous epidural morphine infusion, between 1999 and 2004. For the epidural infusion, an epidural catheter was inserted, tunneled subcutaneously and exited from the anterior chest or abdomen. Multiday $Infursor^{(R)}$ (Baxter, 0.5 ml/h) was used for the continuous infusion. Results: Of the 347 patients studied, there were 211 males and 136 females. The mean treatment time was 54.7 days, ranging from 5 to 481 days. The mean starting and termination doses of morphine were 32.4 (for 5 days) and 100.0 mg, respectively. The doubling time of the morphine dose was 26.3 days, corresponded to a 3.8 percent increase per day. Incidental catheter removal was the most common side effect, which occurred 130 times in 61 cases. Conclusions: The procedure of epidural catheterization, with subcutaneous tunneling, was simple and inexpensive. Despite the disadvantages, such as incidental catheter removal, it is a useful method for the control of terminal cancer pain.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.7A
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• pp.586-599
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• 2012

This paper proposes a fast face detection and tracking method which uses depth images as well as RGB images. It consists of the face detection procedure and the face tracking procedure. The face detection method basically uses an existing method, Adaboost, but it reduces the size of the search area by using the depth image. The proposed face tracking method uses a template matching technique and incorporates an early-termination scheme to reduce the execution time further. The results from implementing and experimenting the proposed methods showed that the proposed face detection method takes only about 39% of the execution time of the existing method. The proposed tracking method takes only 2.48ms per frame with $640{\times}480$ resolution. For the exactness, the proposed detection method showed a little lower in detection ratio but in the error ratio, which is for the cases when a detected one as a face is not really a face, the proposed method showed only about 38% of that of the previous method. The proposed face tracking method turned out to have a trade-off relationship between the execution time and the exactness. In all the cases except a special one, the tracking error ratio is as low as about 1%. Therefore, we expect the proposed face detection and tracking methods can be used individually or in combined for many applications that need fast execution and exact detection or tracking.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1825-1838
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• 2012

This paper proposes a fast face detection and tracking method which uses depth images as well as RGB images. It consists of the face detection procedure and the face tracking procedure. The face detection method basically uses an existing method, Adaboost, but it reduces the size of the search area by using the depth information and skin color. The proposed face tracking method uses a template matching technique and incorporates an early-termination scheme to reduce the execution time further. The results from implementing and experimenting the proposed methods showed that the proposed face detection method takes only about 39% of the execution time of the existing method. The proposed tracking method takes only 2.48ms per frame. For the exactness, the proposed detection method and previous method showed a same detection ratio but in the error ratio, which is about 0.66%, the proposed method showed considerably improved performance. In all the cases except a special one, the tracking error ratio is as low as about 1%. Therefore, we expect the proposed face detection and tracking methods can be used individually or in combined for many applications that need fast execution and exact detection or tracking.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.22-24
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to asses the fetal loss rate after mid-trimester amniocentesis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study including singleton pregnant women who underwent mid-trimester amniocentesis at Cheil General Hospital from January 2008 through December 2010. The procedure-related fetal loss was defined as miscarriage within 2 weeks after amniocentesis. We evaluated the fetal loss rate within 2 weeks after amniocentesis and fetal loss rate before 24 gestational weeks. Results: During the study period, a total of 4,356 singleton pregnant women underwent mid-trimester amniocentesis. A total of Five hundred ninety six women were excluded owing to follow up loss and termination of pregnancy due to abnormal karyotype or major anomaly. At our institute, the fetal loss rate within 2 weeks was 0.1% and before 24 gestational weeks was 0.3% after amniocentesis. Conclusion: The fetal loss rate after mid-trimester amniocentesis in our study is lower than previously reported rate. We suggest that amniocentesis is a safe procedure.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.187-202
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• 1984

There are evidences that exogenous electric currents are capable of enhancing bone formation and resolution, and that the conversion of the bioelectric response to biochemical activity provides the directional component of orthodontic tooth movement. In addition, evidence has implicated cyclic nucleotides in alveolar bone cellular activation mechanism during orthodontic tooth movement. In view of these evidences, this study was performed to investigate the effects of exogenous electric currents on cyclic nuclotide levels in feline alveolar bone and the possible clinical application of electric currents as an additional orthodontic tool. In the first study, three groups of three adult cats were subjected to application of a constant direct current of $10{\pm}2$ microamperes to gingival tissue near maxillary canine noninvasively for 1, 3, and 7 days respectively. In the second study, three groups of three adult cats each were treated by an electric-orthodontic procedure for 1, 3, and 7 days respectively. The left maxillary (control) canine received an orthodontic force of 80gm alone at time of initiation, while the right maxillary (experimental) canine received combined force-electric stimulation (80gm of force and $10{\pm}2$ microamperes of a constant D.C. currents). Alveola, bone samples were obtain from the mesial (tension and/or cathode) and the distal (compression and/or anode) sites surrounding maxillary canines as well as from contralateral control sites. The samples were extracted, boiled, homogenized, and the supernatants were assayed for cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) by a radioimmunoassay method. And also the amount of tooth movement was measured in the second study. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The fluctuation pattern of cyclic nucleotide levels in alveolar bone treated by exogenous electric currents was similar to that treated by orthodontic force. 2. The cAMP levels in alveolar bone of electrically treated teeth significantly elevated above the control values. And of electrically treated teeth, the values of the anode sites were higher than those of the cathode sites. 9. The cGMP levels in alveolar bone of electrically treated teeth elevated above the control values at the initiation phase of treatment, but dropped below the control values at time of termination. And of electrically treated teeth, the values of the cathode sites were higher than those of the anode sites. 4. The rate of tooth movement in teeth . treated by force-electric combination increased with the length of treatment as compared to that treated by mechanical force alone.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.781-788
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• 2012

In HEVC, the fast search method is used for reducing the complexity of the motion prediction procedure. It is consisted of the sub-sampled SAD which reduce the complexity of Sum of Absolute Differences(SAD) calculation and the simplified bi-prediction method which reduce the iterations of the uni-prediction for the bi-prediction. The computational complexity is largely decreased by the fast search method but the coding gain is also decreased. In this paper, the simplified bi-prediction is extended to compensate the performance loss and the prediction cost based complexity reduction methods are also proposed to reduce the complexity burden by the extended bi-prediction method. A prediction cost based complexity reduction method is consisted of early termination method for the extended bi-prediction and the bi-prediction skipping method. Compare with HM 6.0 references S/W, the average 0.42% of BD-bitrate is decreased by both the extended bi-prediction method and the prediction cost based complexity reduction methods with negligible increasement of the complexity.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.131-145
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• 2009

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has become an assisted reproductive technique for couples who are at risk that enables them to have unaffected baby without facing the risk of pregnancy termination after invasive prenatal diagnosis. The molecular biology and technology for single-cell genetics has reached an extremely high level of accuracy, and has enabled the possibility of performing multiple diagnoses on one cell using whole genome amplification. These technological advances have contributed to the avoidance of misdiagnosis in PGD for single gene disorders. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based PGD will lead to a significant increase in the number of disorders diagnosed and will find more widespread use, benefiting many more couples who are at risk of transmitting an inherited disease to their baby. In this review, we will focus on the molecular biological techniques that are currently in use in the most advanced centers for PGD for single gene disorders, including biopsy procedure, multiplex PCR and post-PCR diagnostic methods, and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) and the problems in the single cell genetic analysis.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-117
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• 2023

Among the healthcare-related judgments handed down in 2002, there was a significant ruling on the timing of the duty of explanation, stating that, in order to ensure the exercise of the patient's right to self-determination, the patient must be given time to consider and decide on the risks and side effects of a medical procedure in specific circumstances. In addition, in a case where an insurance company claimed unjust enrichment against a medical institution on behalf of its insureds, the court provided a clear standard by distinguishing between active and passive requirements regarding the need to preserve the right of subrogation of creditors. In the area of medical administration, there was a ruling that clarified that a medical institution's business suspension under the National Health Insurance Act is directed against the medical institution, a ruling that broadly recognized causation in a case of compensation for side effects of corona vaccination, and a ruling on the scope of a medical practitioner's license, such as the use of ultrasound devices by an oriental medicine practitioner. In a case involving a patient's claim for eviction from a medical institution, the court reviewed a ruling on just cause for termination of a hospitalization contract in relation to Article 15(1) of the Medical law.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.37 no.1 s.70
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• pp.25-44
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• 2006

Under the provision of Article 63 of the Enforcement Regulation of the Act on Acquisition and Compensation of Land and Others for Public Project that is recently enacted and implemented (hereinafter referred to as the 'Lend Compensation Act') the compensation is required to make 'When the Actual Damage Amount' is confirmed for the damage in fishery affairs that is outside of the public project area. The compensation for fishery business on the indirect damage area has been excluded from the advance compensation subject to conflict with the existing laws on fishery business compensation with the controversy in method, procedure, time and others to confirm the actual damage amount, and it lacks the standard of calculation for detailed compensation on partial damages outside of business implementation area, which caused the ceaseless conflicts and straggles between the project implementation party and the victimized fishermen regarding the calculation method of damages, standard, compensation period and others. In particular, from the numerous problems in damage compensation in fishery on the indirect damage area, the most recent problem emerged is the issue on application method of damage period in calculating the damage compensation amount that the struggle has been deepened with the differences between the project implementation party and the victimized fishermen without the stipulation on the compensation, that caused the difficulties in carrying out the public project and other serious social problems. In this study, the reasonable application method for the damage period and the calculation plan of the damage amount for calculating the damages on fishery industry outside of the public project implementation zone that is not fully specified under the Land Compensation Act, and the indirect damage area is not influenced for the notification of project recognition, and the compensation to undertake with the damage in the fishery industry in project implementation area to have the nature of damage compensation, the right to engage in fishery industry has the perpetual nature of rights, the fishery damage compensation system of Japan also recognizes the perpetual right on fishery industry to calculate the compensation amount, and the compensation for damage amount has been exercised for the period of actual damage occurrence period regardless of remaining effective period for most of fishery permit and license for fishery compensation outside of the project implementation area following the recent various public projects as well as the development process of theory on fishery loss compensation that the calculation of damage amount on the fishery industry outside of the project implementation zone would be prudent to compensate by calculating the applicable damages during the period of actual damages, and by doing so, the 'just compensation' guaranteed under the Constitution may be materialized. Therefore, the calculation of the damages from the implementation of the public project shall consider the actual period of damages and the degree of damage from the public project to calculate by the income capitalization method, however, considering the equitable consideration with the compensation following the cancellation, it shall not exceed the compensation following the termination of the applicable fishery businesses. Furthermore, the calculation method of partial damage amount on the fishery business following the project implementation shall apply, depending on the period of damage occurrence, by (1) the case of calculating the future damage amount at the present time, and (2) calculating the damage from the past to the present time as well as the damage to be incurred later, by selecting the calculation method for damages following the damage occurrence type.