• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 1994

Teratogenic effects of diazinon were assessed morphologically and cholinergic blocking agents. Diazinon at doses ranging from 25 to 2000 ug /egg, was Injected on day 3 of incubation. TD50s were different for the various teratogenic signs (wry neck, micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak and curled claws). The threshould dose for wry neck was higher than threshould dose for other signs； 40 ug/egg produced substantial micromelia, abnormal feathering. abnormal beak and curled claws, but gave no signs of wry neck. In contrast to the teratogenic doses, the LD50 of diazinon was very high (above 2000 ug /egg). One of the characteristics of diazinon-induced teratogenesis was reduced body weight (78.7％) and body length (73.8%). Maximal teratogenic effects, scored as signs of retarded growth, wry neck micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak, and curled claws, were produced when the insectcide was administered on the third or fourth day. The threshold dose for type II teratogenic signs(such as wry neck and short neck) was higher than for type I (such as micromelia and abnormal feathering). Morphological studies, using atropine and gallamine, suggested that nicotine but not muscarinic receptors may be involved in the mechanism of diazinon induced type II malformations.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.116-121
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• 1982

In order to investigate the side-effects of crude drugs, twenty drugs have been tested for the teratogenic effect in rats. Among seven drugs contained alkaloid as their ingredients, no one showed teratogenic effect, but Veratri rhizoma showed embryo-toxic as revealed by severe retardation in growth of the fetuses. The other thirteen drugs which have been used freguently in oriental medicines exhibited no teratogenic effect. Cyclophosphamide used as a reference compound showed severe malformation and retardation in the growth of rat fetuses. These findings suggest that the drug extracts adopted for the study might have no teratogenic effect in the rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1994

Teratogenic effects of diazinon were assessed on morphology of chick embryos cholinergic blocking agents. Diazinon at doses ranging from 25 to $2000{\mu}g/egg$, was injected on Day 3 of incubation. $TD_{50S}$, were different for the various teratogenic sings such as wry neck, micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak and curled claws. The threshold dose for wry neck was higher than the threshold dose for other signs; $40{\mu}g/egg$ produced substantial micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak and curled claws, but gave no sings of wry neck. In contrast to the teratogenic doses, the $LD_{50}$ of diazinon was very high(above $2000{\mu}g/egg$). One of the characteristics of diazinon-induced teratogenesis was reduction of body weight(78.8%) and body length(73.8%). Maximal teratogenic effects, scored as sings of retarded growth, wry neck, micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak, and curled claws, were produced when the insectcide was administered on the third or fourth day. The threshold dose for type II teratogenic sings including wry neck and short neck was higher than for type I including micromelia and abnormal feathering. Morphorlogical studies, using atropine and gallamine, suggested that nicotinc but not muscarinic receptors may be involved in the mechanism of diazinon-induced type II malformations.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 1987

A teratogenic study was carried out on New zealand White rabbits in order to examine the teratogenic potentiality of the recombinant human interferon-${\alpha}$A(rHuIFN-${\alpha}A$), an available therapeutic agent. The rHuIFN-${\alpha}A$ was intravenously administered at dose sevels of $1{\times}10^5$, $4{\times}10^5$ and $1.2{\times}10^6$ I.U/kg/day for a period of13 days from day 6 to day 18 of gestation. Two-thirds of the pregnant females in each group were sacrificed on day 29 of gestation and their fetuses were examined. The remaining dams were allowed to litter naturally, and the postnatal develpment of the offsprings was observed. The administration of rHuIFN-${\alpha}A$ during a period of organogenesis produced no embryotoxic and teratogenic effects.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.178-186
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• 2019

This study used the probit analysis to evaluate the toxicity of three chemicals - benomyl (Germicide), carbofuran (insecticide), and thiobencarb (herbicide) - with the FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) protocol using the incubated embryos of tree frog, Hyla japonica. The results showed that the larval body length decreased while the mortality and malformation rates increased as the concentrations of benomyl, carbofuran, and thiobencarb increased. The teratogenic concentration ($EC_{50}$) of benomyl, carbofuran, and thiobencarb were 1.00, 0.58, 4.75 mg/L, respectively, indicating that the malformation of larvae was the most sensitive to carbofuran. The embryo lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was 7.04, 28.71, and 16.12mg/L, respectively, indicating that benomyl showed the lowest embryo lethal concentration. The teratogenic index (TI) was 7.04 in Benomyl, 49.50 in Carbofuran, and 3.39 in Thiobencarb, indicating that the TI values were above 1.5, which is the criterion of teratogenicity, for all three chemicals. All three pesticides examined by this study were considered to be the most teratogenic substances, and the carbofuran was the most potent teratogen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to assess the teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of clomiphene citrate in mice. The pregnant mice were administered a single dose of clomiphene citrate at different concentrations i.e 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 ${\mu}g/g$ BW on day 8 of gestation. Fetuses recovered on day 18 of gestation were analyzed on morphological, morphometric and histological basis. Morphological observations showed defects like open eyelids, anophthalmia, fore and hindlimb micromelia, meromelia, amelia, sacral hygroma, hydrocephaly, hemorrhagic spots, kyphosis and clubbed feet. Morphometric analysis indicated a significant (p<0.001) reduction in fetal body weight, crown rump length, head circumference, eye circumference, forelimb and hindlimb lengths and tail size against controls. The histological observations showed brain defects like hydrocephaly, enlarged ventricles and undifferentiated neuroglial cells in cerebellum. Cleft palate, underdeveloped pharynx and atrophy of jaw muscles were the common anatomical defects of pharyngeal region. It is concluded that the concentrations of clomiphene citrate used during the present study proved teratogenic in mice fetuses.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2002

We showed that END induced teratogenesis in larvae of the self-fertilizing fish Rivulus marmoratus. We discuss this and the issue of carcinogenesis caused by END.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2002

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.357-363
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• 1998

The teratogenic potential of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (PHT) has been well documented both in the human and in the experimental animals. However there are few reports on the effects of PHT on embryonic development in rats in vitro. The present study was performed to evaluate the teratogenic effects of PHT using whole-embryo culture system in rats. Sprague-Dawley rat embryos were explanted on gestational day (GD) 9.5 and cultured for 48 hrs in the immediately centrifuged and heat-inactivated rat serum containing 0,25,50, or $100{\mu}g$ PHT/mL. At the end of culture period the embryos were scored for morphological development according to the procedure of Van Maele-Fabry, and their total protein contents were determined. At 100 ${\mu}$g/mL of culture medium. PHT caused significant reduction in developmental score and protein content of embryos and a high incidence morphological abnormalities (100%). Characteristic malformations included altered yolk and embryonic circulation, craniofacial hypoplasia, neural tube schisis, branchial arch defects, abnormal ratation, and limb bud hypoplasia, among others. There were no adverse effects on embryonic growth and development at concentrations of 25 and 50 ${\mu}$g /mL of culture medium. The results indicated that the dysmorphogenic effect of PHT on cultured embryos is due to a direct interference with embryonic development.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.705-711
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• 2016

In this experiment, embryos of Asian toad, Bufo gargarizans, were investigated to evaluate toxicity of chemicals along FETAX(Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) protocol. Asian toad, Bufo gargarizans, embryos incubated and investigation of Zn and Benomyl effect by probit analysis. As a result, depends on the concentrations of Zn and Benomyl, mortality and malformation rates were increases and larval body length were decreased. The teratogenic concentration($EC_{50}$) of Zn and Benomyl were 2.3, $1.0mg/{\ell}$, respectively and the embryo lethal concentration($LC_{50}$) Zn and Benomyl were 10.3, 6.9, respectively. The teratogenic index(TI) were 4.4 in Zn and 6.7 in Benomyl, thus showed teratogenicity in embryonic development of B. gargarizans. These results reveal that Zn and Benomyl in this experiment suppressed the development of embryos at relatively low concentration. Much of B. gargarizans embryos can be secured, and easy to incubate. In addition, mortality, malformation ratios, malformation patterns and growth rates are similar to the results from the other assay systems. Therefore, the B. gargarizans embryo teratogenesis assay system could be a useful tool to evaluate toxicity of pollutants in environment.