• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1383-1387
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• 2009

As information technologies in construction field get developed, various studies and projects are in progress for improvement of construction industry. Meanwhile, web-basis online system for building materials is tending upward. However, most of the informations about classification system for building materials and specifications are not systematic yet. Most field staffs have some troubles in making full use of the material information, repeating inefficient works from constructional design to the maintenance of it. This study designed auto-categorization system classified by materials, multi-search engines, auto-converting/creating electronic catalog as well as RFID search support to provide standardized building materials information.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.50.3-50.3
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• 2019

We show that dynamical evolution in a strong (Galactic Centre-like) tidal field can create clusters that would appear to have very top-heavy IMFs. The tidal disruption of single star forming events can leave several bound 'clusters' spread along 20~pc of the orbit within 1-2 Myr. These surviving (sub)clusters tend to contain an over-abundance of massive stars, with low-mass stars tending to be spread along the whole 'tidal arm'. Therefore observing a cluster in a strong tidal field with a top-heavy IMF does not mean the stars formed with a top-heavy IMF.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제87권4호
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• pp.631-641
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were 1) to classify the types of Quercus mongolica stands at Mt. Joongwang and compare their quality, and 2) to determine the proper future tree number of Q. mongolica per ha and the appropriate distance between the future trees. The results from this study were as follows : Q. mongolica stands at Mt. Joongwang was classified into four types, pure Q. mongolica stand as stand type I, Q. mongolica - hardwood stand as stand type II, Q. mongolica - Pines densiflora stand as stand type III, Hardwood - Q. mongolica stand as stand type IV, according to mixture rate in stand volume. Stand type IV showed the best quality stem of Q. mongolica among the stand types, and the stem quality of Q. mongolica in Q. mongolica stand mixed with hardwood as stand types II and IV was better than those in pure Q. mongolica stand as stand type I and in Q. mongolica - P. densiflora stand as stand type III. If the management goal for Q. mongolica stand is to produce its high quality-timber, it is desirable to sustain proper mixture rate of Q. mongolica with another hardwoods. The proper number of future trees in pure Q. mongolica stand as stand type I was 122trees/ha and reasonable distance between the future trees was 9.15m. The distance between future trees in other stand types was 7.2m to 9.3m for stand types II and IV, while 8.0m for stand type III. Thus, the classification of Q. mongolica stand type based on stand character and maturity, and proper stem number of future tree and optimum distance between future trees would be a useful forest tending work.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제100권3호
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• pp.352-358
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• 2011

Field Cage plots ($1m{\times}1m{\times}1m$) were established (7 units) to find the lowest limit time about the tending of red pine forest (Pinus densiflora) which can no longer be used as a habitat by Monochamus alternatus, vector insect of pine wilt disease at the experimental forest of the southern forest research center of the Korea forest research institute in February in 2010. Thinning slashes (length, 1 m; diameter, 5~10 cm) tended at the different times were put in cages, and 4~6 couples of adult M. alternatus were put into each the cage in June. Presence or absence the larval entrance holes and larval were determined in November in 2010. Incase of the combination 24, 18, 12 and 6-month-old thinning slashes from thinning times to the time of adult emergence inside a single cage, larval entrance holes were found in the 6-month-old and 12-month-old thinning slashes but larvae were found only in the 6-month-old thinning slashes (treatment 1). In case of the combination 24, 18, 15 and 12-month-old thinning slashes inside a single cage, larval entrance holes were found in the 15-month-old and 12-month-old thinning slashes but larvae were found only in the 12-month-old (treatment 2). When 24, 18, 15, 12 and 6-month-old thinning slashes with treated dry and humid condition were put separately inside each cage, larval entrance holes were found in the 18, 15, 12, 6-month-old thinning slashes without the relation of the dry and humid conditions. But larvae were found in the 15, 12, 6-month-old thinning slashes in the dry conditions and only in the 6-month-old thinning slashes in the humid conditions. Results indicated the lowest limit time which can no longer be used as a habitat by M. alternatus is before 24 month from the time of adult emergence.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제87권2호
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• pp.239-252
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• 1998

Based on forestry inventory data and various informations, this study was conducted to analyze the silvicultural activities by distance classes from forest road and to evaluate their effects in the area of Mt. Gari managed by Chunchon Regional Office of Northern Forest Management Office. The results were summarized as follows; 1) Most harvesting practice(67.9%) was done within 500m from forest roads, in the order of Pumgul, Saorang, and Kongkol forest road. And thinning practice was not related to the distance from forest road, produced $440.6m^3$, 35.7% of total thinning volume within 1,000m width along the forest roads. 2) Planting of 530,461 seedlings, 66.8% of total planting stock, in 176.9ha, 66.6% of total area within 1,000m from forest road, and supplementary planting of 46,243 seedlings was done in 15.4ha, 42.9% of total area within 500m from forest road. Areas and numbers of seedlings of two planting practices were in the order of Pumgul and Byungatur forest road. 3) Tending operation was done in 330.0ha, 60.3% of total area within 500m from forest road, and pre-commercial thinning was done in 693.6ha, 71.2% of total area. Areas of intermediate cutting practices were in the order of Pumgul, Korkol, and Saorang forest road.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.66-80
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• 1997

Pinus koraiensis is one of the major speciese which have been recently planted for ten years and consists of 31% of total plantation. Presently young stand less than 30 years consists of 87% of total forest, but tending thinning of it is hardly carried out and the desirable direction for the thinning is not established yet. The objective of the study is to introduce the optimum thinning plan and thinning method through the long-run experiment of tending thinning for the Pinus koraiensis stand. The experiments carry out to interprete its growth model on the subject of two thinning experimental plots and yield table of Pinus koraiensis. As the basic step for understanding the thinning process, a theoretical growth model which is suitable to express the growth process is required. For that purpose, three growth functions (Mitscherlich, 4 parameter Richards, 3 parameter Richards) are applied to the diameter growth of the sample trees which are taken in the two plots. The results show that 3 parameter Richards is the most suitable. It is also verified that the diameter growth, the height growth, and the decrease in the number of stocks can be estimated by this function. To estimate the growth change of single tree, growth model including parameter h which is related to the occupation area of single tree are introduced. The parameter h can be estimated by using the data of the diameter growth obtained from the established experimental plots. Therefore, if both verification and modification of the usefulness of the model suggested is made, equations which tell about the thinning effects could be drived by estimating the growth process of single tree in advance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제99권4호
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• pp.528-533
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• 2010

Cage plots were established in 2008 to find the relationship between combination of tended Japanese red pine sapling and the habitation of Monochamus alternatus, a vector for pine wood nematode. Japanese red pine sapling tended at different times were successively put into the cage, and then the adult of Monochamus alternatus was put in June. Presence or absence of the larva was determined November. Sapling tendings were done at seven successive times in 2009, mid- and late February and March, mid-April, May and June. Some saplings were also tended in mid-October of 2008, the previous year of this experiment. The larva was found in all the saplings tended later than mid-March in 2009. No larva was found in the saplings tended in mid-October of 2008 and those in February of 2009. In case of the combination the by-products of mid-February and late March of 2009 and mid-October of 2008, the larva was found in the by-product of mid-February and late March of 2009, but those in mid-October of 2008 was not. When the saplings tended in mid-October of 2008 and mid- and late February of 2009 were put into the cage singly, the larva was found in all the saplings. Results indicated the mixture of the saplings tended at different times affected the habitation of Monochamus alternatus differently.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제99권4호
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• pp.625-632
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• 2010

This study was carried out to analyze the yarding productivity and cost of the man-power operation by plastic chute, the yarding operation by yarder attached in tractor (Chuncheon Tower-yarder) and yarding operation by Tower-yarder (RME-300T) in forest tending operation. As result of average yarding timber volume was 0.67 $m^3$, 3.8 $m^3$ and 7.3 $m^3$ per day and man, respectively. And, when an yarding timber volume was 60 $m^3$/ha, the total yarding time including setting up and dismantling time of the plastic chute and yarding line was 20 days and 2 hours, 7 days and 1 hours and 21 minutes, 3 days and 4 hours and 27 minutes, respectively. The operation costs were 104,448 won/$m^3$, 29,968 won/$m^3$ and 23,032 won/$m^3$, respectively. And, when yarding timber volume was 60 $m^3$/ha, the total operation cost including setting up and dismantling time of the plastic chute and yarding line was 7,429,173 won/ha, 2,431,573 won/ha and 1,610,672 won/ha, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2021

This study compared and analyzed the effects of forest tending works on the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads on Pinus densiflora stands in Gyeongbuk province. The study sites were located in Youngju and Bonghwa in Pinus densiflora stands. A total of 10 sample trees were collected for the development of the crown fuel vertical distribution model. The 6th NFI (National Forest Inventory) selected a sample point that only extracted from managed and unmanaged stands of Pinus densiflora in the Gyeongbuk province. The fitness index (F.I.) of the two models developed was 0.984 to 0.989, with the estimated parameter showing statistical significance (P<0.05). A s a results, the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads range of unmanaged stands was from 1m to 11m with the largest distribution at point 5m at the tree height. On the other hand, the vertical distribution of wildfire fuel loads range of the managed stands was from 1m to 15m with the largest distribution at the point of 8m at the tree height. The canopy bulk density was 0.16kg/㎥ for the managed stands and 0.25kg/㎥ for the unmanaged stands, unmanaged stands were about 1.6 times more than managed stands. This result is expected to be available for simulation through the implementation of the 3D model as crown fuel was analyzed in three dimensions.

• Mycobiology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2003

Isolates of Trichoderma spp. collected from Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii beds, which included loosened substrate compactness and development of green colour, were grouped into three species. The occurrence of different species of Trichoderma was as T. cf. virens(70.8%), T. longibrachiatum(16.7%) and T. harzianum(12.5%). The conidia of Trichoderma spp. were ellipsoidal, obovoid and phialides were bowling pins, lageniform and the length of phialides was $3.5{\sim}10.0{\times}1.3{\sim}3.3{\mu}m$. Phialides of T. cf. virens and T. harzianum were tending clustered, but it was solitary disposition in T. longibrachiatum. T. cf. virens was characterized by predominantly effuse conidiation, sparingly branched, and fertile to the apex and it was penicillate type. RAPD analysis could detect variability amongst three different species of Trichoderma using two newly designed URP-primers. However, intra-specific variation could not be detected in all the isolates except for rDNA sequence data classified Trichoderma isolates into three distinct groups representing three species. The profiles of rDNA sequences of isolates representing a species showed high similarity in T. cf. virens and T. harzianum. However, there was a variation in rDNA sequences of isolates representing T. longibrachiatum. The results of present study reveals that molecular techniques of RAPD and rDNA sequencing can greatly aid in classification based on morphology and precise identification of fast evolving species of Trichoderma.