• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.1318-1325
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• 2017

Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) serves as an irreplaceable tool to probe the complexities of multiphase flow and identify turbulent mechanisms that elude conventional experimental measurement techniques. The insights unlocked via its careful analysis can be used to guide the formulation and development of turbulence models used in multiphase computational fluid dynamics simulations of nuclear reactor applications. Here, we perform statistical analyses of DNS bubbly flow data generated by Bolotnov ($Re_{\tau}=400$) and LueTryggvason ($Re_{\tau}=150$), examining single-point statistics of mean and turbulent liquid properties, turbulent kinetic energy budgets, and two-point correlations in space and time. Deformability of the bubble interface is shown to have a dramatic impact on the liquid turbulent stresses and energy budgets. A reduction in temporal and spatial correlations for the streamwise turbulent stress (uu) is also observed at wall-normal distances of $y^+=15$, $y/{\delta}=0.5$, and $y/{\delta}=1.0$. These observations motivate the need for adaptation of length and time scales for bubble-induced turbulence models and serve as guidelines for future analyses of DNS bubbly flow data.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2024

The wall friction correlations of oscillatory natural circulation loops are highly loop-specific, making it difficult to perform 1-D system simulations before obtaining specific experimental data. To better predict the friction characteristics, the nonlinear dynamics of a toroidal single-phase natural circulation loop were numerically investigated, and the transition effect was considered. The k-k_L-ω transitional turbulence and k-ω SST turbulence models were used to compute the flow characteristics of the loop under different heating powers varying from 0.48 to 1.0 W/cm², and the results of both models were compared with previous experiments. The mass flow rates and friction factors predicted by the k-k_L-ω model showed a better agreement with the experimental data than the results of the k-ω SST model. The oscillation frequencies calculated using both models agreed well with the experimental data. The k-k_L-ω transitional turbulence model provided better friction-factor predictions in oscillatory natural circulation loops because it can reproduce the temporal and spatial variation of the wall shear stress more accurately by capturing the movement of laminar, transition turbulent zones inside unstable natural circulation loops. This study shows that transition effects are a possible explanation for the highly loop-specific friction correlations observed in various oscillatory natural circulation loops.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2003

Shihwa tidal freshwater marsh was constructed recently to treat pollutants entering Shihwa lake. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal accumulation in soils of Shihwa marsh and sought correlations between several soil variables (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and acid ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe and Al contents) and the heavy metal concentration of soils. Surface soil samples (0∼20 cm) were collected in June 2000, November 2000, and July 2001, and were analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, As, and Hg) and soil chemical properties. The neutral pH and water-saturated conditions of Shihwa marsh appeared to favor immobilization of heavy metal through adsorption onto soils. The concentrations of heavy metal (especially Zn, Cu, and Cr) in soils of Shihwa marsh increased along the sampling occasions, suggesting that soils of Shihwa marsh serve as a sink of heavy metal. Among the sub-marshes, metal concentrations were highest in Banweol high marshes and lowest in Samhwa marshes. The temporal and spatial variations in the heavy metal concentrations of soils were correlated positively with organic matter and oxalate extractable Fe and Al contents, but negatively with electrical conductivity. These results suggest that organic matter and hydrous oxide of Fe/Al may playa key role in removing heavy metals in soils of Shihwa marsh, and that heavy metal removing capacity would increase with desalinization. However, the removal patterns of heavy metal by reeds warrant further studies to evaluate the total removal capacity of heavy metals by Shihwa marsh.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한산업공학회/한국경영과학회 2004년도 춘계공동학술대회 논문집
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• pp.685-688
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 저수지군 연계운영을 위한 표본 추계학적 선형 계획(SSLP, Sampling Stochastic Linear Programming) 모형을 제안한다. 일반적 추계학적 모형은 과거 자료로부터 확률변수의 확률분포를 추정하고 이를 몇 개 구간으로 나누어 이산 확률 값을 산정하여 기댓값이 최대가 되는 운영방안을 도출하지만 저수지 유입량 예측시 고려되어야할 지속성 효과(Persistemcy Effect)와 유역간 또는 시점별 공분산 효과(The joint spatial and temporal correlations)를 반영하는데 많은 한계가 있다. 이를 극복하기 위하여 과거자료 자체를 유입량 시나리오로 적용하여 시${\cdot}$공간적 상관관계를 유지하는 표본 추계학적(Sampling Stochastic)기법을 바탕으로 Simple Recourse Model로 구성한 추계학적 선형 계획 모형을 제시한다. 이 모형은 미국 기상청(NWS)에서 발생 가능한 유입량의 시나리오를 예측하는 방법인 앙상블 유량 예측(ESP, Ensemble Streamflow Prediction)을 통한 시나리오를 적용함으로써 좀더 신뢰성 있는 저수지군 연계운영 계획을 도출 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.81.4-82
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• 2017

We investigate velocity oscillations in the active region plage by using the high-spatial, high-spectral and high-temporal resolution spectral data acquired by the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). From the Mn I $2801.907{\AA}$ (lower chromosphere), C II (lower transition region) and Si IV (middle transition region) lines, we measure the line of sight Doppler velocity at different atmospheric layers, and present results of wavelet analysis of the plage region with a range of periods from 2 to 8 minutes. In addition, we present correlations of the oscillations from the lower chromosphere to the middle transition region. Finally, we will discuss the regional dependence of the oscillation properties on physical properties such as temperature and magnetic field inclination.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2006

A low-power ECC check bit generator is presented with competent DRAM implementation with minimal speed loss, area overhead and power consumption. The ECC used in the proposed scheme is a variant form of the minimum weight column code. The spatial and temporal correlations of input data are analyzed and the input paths of the check bit generator are ordered for the on-line adaptable power savings up to 24.4% in the benchmarked cases. The chip size overhead is estimated to be under 0.3% for a 80nm 1Gb DRAM implementation.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.421-430
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• 2015

본 연구는 천수만 조하대에 서식하는 대형저서동물의 군집을 분석하여 방조제 건설에 따른 천수만 저서생태계의 변화를 이해하고자 하였다. 생태학적인 변화를 이해하기 위하여 대형저서동물의 분포, 우점종, 시.공간적 변화 그리고 유기물 오염을 분석하였다. 천수만에는 총 252종이 출현하였고, 출현밀도는 $681ind./m^2$이었다. 종 다양도는 모든 계절에서 방조제를 기준으로 만 입구 지역으로 갈수록 증가하는 양상이었다. 천수만 내 연중 우점한 대형저서동물은 송곳갯지렁이로 나타났다. 우점종 출현양상은 종 다양도 그리고 정점별 퇴적물 내 유기물 함량과 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. BPI분석 결과, 방조제 인근 정점에서는 4~5등급으로 유기물 오염이 진행된 것으로 확인되었고, 만 입구 지역에서는 1~3등급으로 상대적으로 유기물 오염이 되지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. SAB-curve 분석 결과, 방조제를 기준으로 만 입구로 갈수록 생태계 전이지역이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2013

The temporal and spatial variations of water quality in a stratified reservoir are fully dependent on the characteristics of inflow loading from its watershed and the transport regimes of pollutants after entering the reservoir. Because of the meteorological and hydrological conditions in Korea, the pollutants loading to reservoirs are mostly occur during rainfall events. Therefore it is important to understand the characteristics of pollutants loading from upstream rivers and their spatial propagation through the stratified reservoir during the rainfall events. The objectives of this study were to characterize the water quality variations in upstream rivers of Imha Reservoir during a rainfall event, and the transport and spatial variations of pollutants in the reservoir through extensive field monitoring and laboratory analysis. The results showed that the event mean concentration (EMC) of SS, BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, T-N, T-P, $PO_4-P$ are 8.6 ~ 362.1, 2.5 ~ 5.1, 1.5 ~ 5.1, 1.1 ~ 1.9, 8.3 ~ 57.1, 5.6 ~ 25.7 times greater than the mean concentrations of these parameters during non-rainfall period. The turbidity and SS data showed good linear correlations, but the relationships between flow and SS showed large variations because of hysteresis effect during rising and falling periods of the flood. The ratio of POC to TOC were 12.6 ~ 14.7% during the non-rainfall periods, but increased up to 28.2 ~ 41.7% during the flood event. The turbid flood flow formed underflow and interflow after entering the reservoir, and delivered a great amount of non-point pollutants such as labile and refractory organic matters and nutrients to the metalimnion layer of reservoir, which is just above the thermocline. Spatially, the lateral variations of most water quality parameters were marginal but the vertical variations were significant.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.33-51
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• 2013

Spatial and temporal characteristics of nitrate contamination and hydrogeochemical parameters were investigated for springs and surficial and bedrock groundwaters in northeastern part of Hongseong. Two field investigations were conducted at dry and wet seasons in 2011 for 120 sites including measurement of field parameters with chemical analyses of major dissolved constituents. Nitrate concentrations were at background levels in springs while 45% of bedrock groundwater and 49% of surficial groundwater exceeded the drinking water standard of nitrate (10 mg/L as $NO_3$-N). The difference in nitrate concentrations between surficial and bedrock groundwater was statistically insignificant. Cumulative frequency distribution of nitrate concentrations revealed two inflection points of 2 and 16 mg/L as $NO_3$-N. Correlation analysis of hydrogeochemical parameters showed that nitrate had higher correlations with Sr, Mg, Cl, Na, and Ca, in surficial groundwater in both dry and wet season. In contrast, nitrate had much weaker correlations with other hydrogeochemical parameters in bedrock groundwater compared to surficial groundwater and had significant correlations only in wet season. Temporally, nitrate and chloride concentrations decreased and dissolved oxygen (DO) increased from dry season to wet season, which indicates that increased recharge during the wet season affected groundwater quality. Aerobic conditions were predominant for both surficial and bedrock groundwater indicating low natural attenuation potential of nitrate in the aquifers of the study area.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.219-233
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 아시아-오세아니아 지역에서의 세 지표면 방출률 자료 (MODIS, CIMSS, KNU)의 시 공간적 분포와 변동 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 세 자료 모두 계절에 관계없이 티베트 고원, 페르시아만 주변의 중동지역 및 호주 사막지역, 저위도 지역에서 매우 유사한 방출률 분포를 보이고 있다. 일부지역을 제외한 대부분 지역에서 $12{\mu}m$ 채널의 방출률이 $11{\mu}m$보다 크며, 특히 티베트 고원과 중동지역, 호주 사막지역 일부에서 그 차이가 크다. 저위도 지역에서의 방출률은 서로 상이하지만 방출률의 계절변동이 크지 않은 공통점을 보이고 있다. 그러나 그 외 대부분 지역에서 세 자료는 방출률의 시 공간 변동성에서 큰 차이를 보이고 있다. KNU 자료는 여름에 높고 겨울에 낮은 방출률을 보여 계절변동이 뚜렷하나, MODIS와 CIMSS 자료는 계절에 따른 방출률 변화가 불규칙하며 뚜렷하지 않았다. KNU와 MODIS(KNU와 CIMSS; MODIS와 CIMSS) 자료간의 공간상관계수의 연평균은 $11{\mu}m$와 $12{\mu}m$ 채널에서 각각 0.423과 0.399 (0.330, 0.101; 0.541, 0.154)로 낮다. 특히 $12{\mu}m$ 채널의 경우 서로 상관성이 매우 낮을 뿐만 아니라 상관계수의 월 변동도 강하게 나타나 세 자료간 일치성이 매우 낮다. 본 연구 결과는 아시아-오세아니아 지역에서의 지표면 방출률 자료 개선이 시급함을 제시한다.