• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.5
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• pp.691-700
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• 2009

An event means a flow which has a time attribute such as the a symptom of patients, an interval event has the time period between the start-time-point and the end-time-point. Although there are many studies for temporal data mining, they do not deal with discovering knowledge from interval event such as patient histories and purchase histories. In this paper, we suggest a method of temporal data mining that finds association rules of event causal relationships and predicts an occurrence of effect event based on discovered rules. Our method can predict the occurrence of an event by summarizing an interval event using the time attribute of an event and finding the causal relationship of event. As a result of simulation, this method can discover better knowledge than others by considering a lot of supports of an event and finding the significant rare relation on interval events which means an essential cause of an event, regardless of an occurrence support of an event in comparison with conventional data mining techniques.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2023

We investigated Soil respiration in Bluepine forest of western Bhutan, in relation to soil temperature, moisture content and soil pH and it was aimed at establishing variability in space and time. The Bluepine forest thrives in the typical shallow dry valleys in the inter-montane Bhutan Himalaya, which is formed by ascending wind from the valley bottom, which carries moisture from the river away to the mountain ridges. Stratified random sampling was applied and the study site was classified into top, mid, low slope and further randomized sample of n=20 from 30 m×30 m from each altitude. The overall soil respiration mean for the forest was found 2248.17 CO₂ g yr^-1 and it is ~613.58 C g yr^-1. The RS from three sites showed a marginal variation amongst sites, lower slope (2,309 m) was 4.64 μ mol m^-2 s^-1, mid slope (2,631 m) was 6.78 μ mol m^-2 s^-1 and top slope (3,027 m) was 6.33 μ mol m^-2 s^-1 and mean of 5.92 μ mol m^-2 s^-1, SE=0.25 for the forest. Temporal distribution and variations were observed more pronounced than in the space variation. Soil respiration was found highest during March and lowest in September. Soil temperature had almost inverse trend against soil respiration and dropped a low in February and peak in July. The moisture in the soil changed across months with precipitation and pH remained almost consistent across the period. The soil respiration and soil temperature had significant relationship R²=-0.61, p=0.027 and other variables were found insignificant. Similar relationship are reported for dry season in a tropical forest soil respiration. Soil temperature was found to have most pronounced effect on the soil respiration of the forest under study.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.201-221
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• 2007

Recently price as an information clue on online shopping has become important and price dependency has been also increased. This study suggests the flow which customers experience on online shopping plays a leading role in a matter of revisiting intention, but price sensitivity has a possibility to decrease the flow on the basis of literature investigation. While telling the differences in types of shopping malls, this study also examines relationship verifications with price sensitivity, flow of internet shopping mall and revisiting intension. The results show the flow experience through temporal dissociation makes increase a revisiting intention. To the contrary, this study presents a price search dimension in price sensitivity has negative influence to each dimension of temporal dissociation, heightened enjoyment and curiosity and also the relationship between price importance and flow is rejected. In addition, this influence gets different results by internet auction, pure internet shopping mall, shopping mall which can show price comparisons. In the case of shopping mall which can show price comparisons, more price researches become less curiosities and more heightened enjoyments and curiosities get more revisiting intentions. In the internet auction's case, price search decreases a temporal dissociation and heightened enjoyment and improves a revisiting intention when a temporal dissociation and heightened enjoyment are increased. Price research reduces three types of flow dimensions such as a temporal dissociation, heightened enjoyment, and curiosity in the pure internet shopping mall. In addition, only heightened enjoyment affects to a revisiting intentions.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.71-93
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• 2001

Commonly to design a database system. a conceptual database has to be designed and then it is transformed into a logical database schema prior to building a target database system. This paper proposes a method which transforms a Temporal Entity-Relationship Model(TERM) into a Temporal Object-Oriented Model(TOOM) to build an efficient database schema. I formalize the time concept in view of object versioning and specify the constraints required during transformation procedure. The proposed transformation method contributes to getting the logical temporal data from the conceptual temporal events Without any loss of semantics, Compared to other approaches of supporting various properties, this approach is more general and efficient because it is the semantically seamless transformation method by using the orthogonality of types of objects, semantics of relationships and constraints over roles.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3B
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• pp.285-293
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• 2010

Soil moisture is a key factor to control the exchange of water and energy between the surface and the atmosphere. In recent, many researches for spatial and temporal variability analyses of soil moisture have been conducted. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture in Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, Arizona, U.S. during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2004 (SMEX04). The spatio-temporal variability analyses were performed to understand sensitivity of five observation sites with precipitation and relationship between mean soil moisture, and its standard deviation and coefficient of variation at the sites, respectively. It was identified that log-normal distribution was superior to replicate soil moisture spatial patterns. In addition, precipitation was identified as a key physical factor to understand spatio-temporal variability of soil moisure based on the temporal stability analysis. Based on current results, higher spatial variability was also observed which was agreed with the results of previous studies. The results from this study should be essential for improvement of the remotely sensed soil moisture retrieval algorithm.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.3 s.38
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• pp.627-646
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the activity of the craniofacial muscle and craniofacial form and occlusal state. In this study, subjects were consisted of 23 male adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion and 30 male adults with normal occlusion. The measurements in oral exam, lateral ceghalogram, and E.M.G. recordings of anterior temporal, masseter, and upper lip muscles at rest position, clenching in centric occlusion, chewing of gum, swallowing of juice, were analyzed with SPSS system. The results were as follows: 1. At rest position upper lip muscle activity of skeletal Class III group was significantly higher than that of normal group. 2. Both clenching and chewing masseter and temporal muscle activity of normal group were significantly higher than that of skeletal Class III group. 3. During swallowing of juice, upper lip muscle activity of skeletal Class III group were significantly higher than that of normal group. 4. The activities of masseter and anterior temporal muscle during clenching and chewing were significantly correlated with hypodivergent facial form and number of occluded teeth. 5. The activity of upper lip during swallowing had positive correlation with mandibular prognathism.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.118-121
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• 2006

Variations in the extent and dispersal of river plume are important in the study of coastal environment. The objectives of this study are to examine relationship between satellite detected plume area and river discharge and to clarify the temporal and spatial dynamic of plume from Tokachi River, Hokaido, Japan. We used 1.1 km spatial resolution of SeaWiFS normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) images from 1998 to 2002. Supervised maximum likelihood classification was implemented to define classes of surface water optical properties. Satellite observed plume area was correlated to the amount of river discharge from April to October. First mode (44% of variance) of EOF analysis shows the turbid plume distribution resulting from re-suspension by strong wind mixing along the coast during winter. This mode also shows plume distribution along-shelf direction in spring and late summer. Second mode (17% of variance) shows spring pattern across-shelf direction due to strong discharge of snow melting water.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.945-953
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• 2005

Daily time series of longshore sea surface temperature (SST) data at 3 stations, sea surface SST data at 58 stations in the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsular from 2001 to 2005 were used in order to study the temporal and spatial variations of the upwelling coastal cold water occurred in summer season. When the cold water occurred, SST has been decreased more than $-5^{\circ}C$ in a day. The cold water occurred frequently in the eastern coastal areas of Korea such as Ulgi, Kampo, Jukbyun. Daily variations of cold water temperature were quantified using remote control buoy system at Kijang in the southeastern coastal water from July to August in 2004. Hourly variations of SST occurred around $\pm3^{\circ}C$ when cold water disappeared at Kijang. There were close relationship between the strength of East Korean Warm Current, North Korean Cold Water and the scale of spatio-temporal cold water variations in summer season.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.394-403
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• 2009

A total of 52 sampling sites were selected in the stream network of the upper Paldang watershed (e.g. Kyonan, Gapyeong, Jojong, Chengmi, Bockha, Yanghwa and Heuk streams). Over the time period of April 2007-February 2008, 1820 samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical variables of the upper watershed in order to investigate spatio-temporal water quality variation in particular the relationship with land use. Although temporal variations of water quality in each stream were similar and were significantly influenced by flow, spatial variations in each stream varied as physico-chemical characteristics of upper watershed. As a result of regression analysis, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (T-N), and Total phosphorus (T-P) concentration were the most significantly and positively associated with people population density. It is necessary to manage not only water quality but also land use of upper watershed and flow flux.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.658-665
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• 2015

Temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture is important for understanding patterns of climate change, for developing and evaluating land surface models, for designing surface soil moisture observation networks, and for determining the appropriate resolution for satellite-based remote sensing instruments for soil moisture. In this study, we measured several soil moistures in upland soil using Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) Soil Moisture Content (SMC) during eight-month period in Chungbuk province. The upland soil moisture properties were expressed by simple statistical methods (average, standard deviation and coefficient of variation) from the monthly context. Supplementary studies were also performed about the effect of top soil texture on the soil moisture responses. If the results from this study were utilized well in specific cities and counties in Korea, it would be helpful to establish the countermeasures and action plans for preventing disasters because it was possible to compare with the relationship between soil moisture and top soil texture of each region. And it would be the fundamental data for estimating the effect of future agricultural plan.