• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.75-83
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• 2017

Purpose - This study aims to find ways to have CSR efforts lead to a purchase decision. For this purpose, this research examines the influence of the perceived CSR proximity on the purchase intention and studies the moderating role of psychological distance. Research design, data, and methodology - A total of 185 undergraduate students from a university in Korea were recruited and were randomly assigned to the conditions of a 2 (CSR proximity: close vs. far) × 2 (temporal distance: near vs. distant) × 2 (information type: concrete vs. abstract) between-subjects design. ANOVA was conducted to test the hypotheses. Results - When consumers construe a purchase decision at a high level via the far psychological distance, a firm's CSR efforts are considered important for the purchase decision. Conversely, when consumers construe a purchase decision at a low level via the near psychological distance, a firm's CSR efforts are not considered for the purchase decision. Conclusions - This research demonstrates that people have a greater intention to purchase products from a firm whose CSR proximity is perceived as being close rather than far. Furthermore, this study shows that the psychological distance moderates the effect of CSR proximity on the purchase intention.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.99-108
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• 2014

Purpose - The goals of this study are the following. First, this study focused on customer satisfaction of in-flight service. Specifically, in-flight duty free items were considered because of their potential value related with the differentiated strategy of airline companies. Second, this study analyzed feasible strategies that would fence off the aversive attitudes of consumers toward innovation regarding in-flight duty free items. Third, this study strived to discover implicit routes related with the reactions of of consumers to innovation. Fourth, the construal level theory was applied to the context of in-flight service. Psychological distance is expected to promote acceptance of innovation for duty free items. Research design, data, and methodology - This study consisted of three experiments. All data were collected through the participation of university students. First, the experiment employed a 2×2 between-subject design. The first independent variable was temporal distance (long vs. short of navigation time). The second independent variable was innovativeness (innovative duty free items vs. typical items). Further, experiment 2 involved a 2×2 between-subject design. The first independent variable was social distance (typical vs. atypical stewardess image). The second was innovativeness that was based on a pattern similar to that of the prior experiment. The third experiment involved a 2×2×2 design. The first and second independent variables were temporal distance and item innovation, respectively, based on the method of experiment 1. The third independent variable was cognitive depletion (depletion vs. control condition). Results - Experiment 1 demonstrated that the innovation of duty free items would need to consider the journey time of the airline. Specifically, innovative items were preferred in case of a long journey; typical items, however, were liked in a short journey. Further, experiment 2 demonstrated that, in spite of a short journey, innovative items would be preferred if an atypical stewardess was serving. An atypical stewardess was linked with social distance, and the psychological effects would activate a creative and flexible mindset that would fit with innovative duty free items. The final experiment was accomplished for the examination of cognitive processing of psychological distance on innovation-acceptance. Specifically, if the effects were related with systematic processing, then cognitive effort would be needed. In contrast, if they were related with heuristic processing, then such efforts would not be required. The same pattern appeared under both cognitive depletion and control condition; therefore, the effects of psychological distance were implied to be heuristic processing. Conclusions - Managers need to consider the navigation time, stewardess concepts, and depletion of consumers as important factors for innovative strategy regarding in-flight service. Longer journeys are more successful for innovative trials. Further, a more atypical stewardess image is more successful for atypical service. Long navigation and unfamiliar stewardesses may activate creative and flexible thinking. Further, cognitive depletion of consumers is not a dominant factor of psychological distance effects, because the effects are not related with systematic processing, but with heuristic processing.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.40-46
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• 1995

This study concerns the design and development of the non-vibrating capacitance probe which could be used as a non-contact sensor for tribological wear. This device detects surface charge through temporal variation in the work function of a material. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the operation of the probe on a roating aluminum shaft. The reference electrode of the probe, made of lead, is placed adjacent (< 1.25-mm distance) to the shaft. Both surfaces which are electrically connected, form a capacitor. An artificial spatial variation in the work function is imposed on the shaft surface by coating a segment along the shaft circumference with a colloidal silver paint. As the shaft rotates, the reference electode senses changing contact potential difference with the shaft surface, owing to compositional variation. Temporal variation in the contact potential difference induces a current through the electrical connection. This current is amplified and converted to a voltage signal by an electoronic circuit with an operational amplifier. The magnitude of the signal decreases asymptotically with the electrode-shaft distance and increases linearly with the rotational frequency. These results are consistent with the theoretical model. Potential applications of the probe on wear monitoring are proposed.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1969

Electoromyographic studies were performed on the action of the muscles of the temporomandibular joints following exfoliation of the deciduous teeth. The subjects examined, being 50 children. between the age of 6 and 13 years, divided into 5 groups. They were; 1) Deciduous dentition were complete in the first group. 2) Deciduous incisors were missing in either upper or lower jaw in the second group. 3) Deciduous canine and molars were missing in the left side of either upper or lower jaw in the third group. 4) Deciduous canine and molars were missing in the right side of either upper or lower jaw in the fourth group. 5) Permanent dentition completed in the fifth group(except third molars). Electromyogram was recorded with 4 channel polygraph (Grass model VII modified for 7P3). Electrodes which were the cup-typed gold discs, 9 millimeters in the diameter, were located on the anterior, middle and posterior lobes of the temporal muscles, and also on the superficial and deep layers of the masseter muscles. Paired electrodes were held by electrode cream so that they were pressed on the skin surface at right angle, adhesive tape being used to anchor them. The distance of the pair electrodes was about 5 millimeters. The results obtained were as follow: 1) In rest position of mandible; All groups showed slight, electrical activities in the muscles involved, but in the middle lobe of temporal muscle they were slightly higher. 2) In molar occlusion of mandible; High activity-anterior lobe of temporal muscle and superficial layer of masseter muscle. Moderate activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-middle and posterior lobes of masseter muscle. There were no differences among the first, the second and the fifth groups. In the third group the muscle activity was weaker than that of the right, and in the fourth group opposite characteristics was revealed. 3) In incisal bite of mandreble; Hight activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Modertae activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. The first, the third, the fourth and the fifth groups showed no differences but the second group showed less activity than those of others. 4) In protrusion of mandible; High activity-deep layer of masseter muscle Moderate activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. In the first, the fourth and the fifth groups, there were no differences in the activities, but the second group showed less activity than the others. 5) In retrusion of mandible; High activity-deep layer of masseter muscle. Moderate activity-superficial layer of masseter muscle. Low activity-anterior, middle and posterior lobes of temporal muscle. In the first, the third, the fourth and the fifth groups, there were no differences but the second group showed less activity than the others. 6) In lateral excursion of the mandible (either direction); High activity-posterior lobe of temporal muscle. Moderate activity-anterior and middle lobes of temporal muscle. Low activity-superficial and deep layers of masseter muscle. The muscle action potentials were weaker than those of the right side in the third group and vice ver'sa in the fourth group. 7) In chewing movement; Temporal muscle activities were higher than those of masseter, especially in the middle lobe of temporal muscle the activity was highest. Right side muscle activities were higher than those of the left in the third group and, on the contrary, the left side was dominant over the right in the fourth group.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.607-611
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• 2008

This paper proposes new video signature using spatio-temporal information for copy detection. The proposed video copy detection method is based on concentric circle partitioning method for each key frame. Firstly, key frames are extracted from whole video using temporal bilinear interpolation periodically and each frame is partitioned as a shape of concentric circle. For the partitioned sub-regions, 4 feature distributions of average intensity, its difference, symmetric difference and circular difference distributions are obtained by using the relation between the sub-regions. Finally these feature distributions are converted into binary signature by using simple hash function and merged together. For the proposed video signature, the similarity distance is calculated by simple Hamming distance so that its matching speed is very fast. From experiment results, the proposed method shows high detection success ratio of average 97.4% for various modifications. Therefore it is expected that the proposed method can be utilized for video copy detection widely.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.31-51
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• 2019

Construal level theory (CLT) have been researched in wide range of disciplines such as marketing, organizational study, psychology, or education. Current study asserts that CLT would explain the effect of different devices of PC and smartphone on interaction between human-computer interfaces and information systems use. In CLT, those who are far from an object in terms of physical, temporal, social or psychological distance, they construe their understanding as abstract (high level) and vice versa. We hypothesized different size of digital device will increase psychological distance and result in behaviors that correspond to present construal level. The analysis result shows that users of PC recognized that they are socially distant from the device and those of smartphone felt that they are socially close to the device. However, the device did not have significant effect on attention to essential information, advertisement preference, and immediacy. The implication to academia, practice and future research and limitations are also discussed.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.139-150
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• 2018

This paper investigated the human distribution in subway station areas in Seoul, using geotweets and subway ridership data. Eight stations were selected from the districts of Gangnam and Gangbuk. Geotweets located within a 600-meter radius of the central coordinates of each station were extracted, and distances between the center of station and each tweet location were calculated. Donut-shaped dimension and pie-shaped dimension were generated, using the Haversine distance formula and the Azimuth angle formula respectively. By combining the two dimensions, Dartboard-shaped space division is created. Popular places within the subway station areas identified from this research are almost the same as the current well-known popular places, and this is an important case showing that people send tweets from various places where they engage in daily activities. We expect this study can be a methodological guideline for social scientists who use spatio-temporal or GPS data for their research.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2007

It is essential for gait analysis to know the distance information. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of start and finish distance on the gait variable during walking. Six adolescent participated in this study. Start condition was given by six conditions.: walking forward from (1) one step, (2) three steps, (3) five steps, (4) ten steps, (5) one step after standing walk, and (6) three steps after standing walk, before contacting the force plate. Stop condition was given by four conditions. : stop after (1) one step, (2) two steps, (3) three steps, and (4) ten steps, passing force plate. Repeated measured one-way ANOVA was utilized for data analysis, and the significant level was set at .05. The largest change from the difference of gait velocity exists between the variables of ground reaction force. There were no significant differences in spatio-temporal and posture(angle) variables, as well as ground reaction force variables with walking over the three steps. There were significant differences in gait velocity, knee angle at heel contact, vertical impulse and ankle angle at toe off in short distance.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.108-116
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• 2005

Synchronizations of intra${\cdot}$intermedia for the lecture presentation in distributed multimedia environments are difficult to guarantee accurate temporal relationship between media, due to the asynchronous errors such as the delay or loss of transferred data or the transmission characteristics of each media. The jitter phenomenon occurs when the network delay has the media arrival rate abnormal because the intra-media synchronization reflects the presentation rate. And the cumulative effective of jitters on a per media stream basis results in a skew. This phenomenon cause confusion to contents recognition of learners due to network delay and can not provide effective interaction of sender and receiver in the distance education. Therefore, this paper can be solution to problems due to network delay by maintaining the requirements of temporal relationship between more than one media. And this paper enables to suggest the inter-media synchronization method that is subject to be influenced by presentation rate, and to implement lecture presentation system for distance education.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.337-347
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• 2011

In this paper, we developed a detection and correction method of noisy pixels embedded in the time series of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data based on the spatio-temporal continuity of vegetation conditions. For the application of the method, 25-year (1982-2006) GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Study) NDVI dataset over the Korean peninsula were used. The spatial resolution and temporal frequency of this dataset are $8{\times}8km^2$ and 15-day, respectively. Also the land cover map over East Asia is used. The noisy pixels are detected by the temporal continuity check with the reference values and dynamic threshold values according to season and location. In general, the number of noisy pixels are especially larger during summer than other seasons. And the detected noisy pixels are corrected by the iterative method until the noisy pixels are completely corrected. At first, the noisy pixels are replaced by the arithmetic weighted mean of two adjacent NDVIs when the two NDVI are normal. After that the remnant noisy pixels are corrected by the weighted average of NDVI of the same land cover according to the distance. After correction, the NDVI values and their variances are increased and decreased by 5% and 50%, respectively. Comparing to the other correction method, this correction method shows a better result especially when the noisy pixels are occurred more than 2 times consistently and the temporal change rates of NDVI are very high. It means that the correction method developed in this study is superior in the reconstruction of maximum NDVI and NDVI at the starting and falling season.