• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.114-126
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• 2016

Many cohort studies have reported associations of individual-level long-term exposures to $PM_{10}$ and health outcomes. Individual exposures were often estimated by using exposure prediction models relying on $PM_{10}$ data measured at national regulatory monitoring sites. This study explored spatial and temporal characteristics of regulatory $PM_{10}$ measurement data in South Korea and suggested $PM_{10}$ concentration metrics as long-term exposures for assessing health effects in cohort studies. We obtained hourly $PM_{10}$ data from the National Institute of Environmental Research for 2001~2012 in South Korea. We investigated spatial distribution of monitoring sites using the density and proximity in each of the 16 metropolitan cities and provinces. The temporal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ measurement data were examined by annual/seasonal/diurnal patterns across urban background monitoring sites after excluding Asian dust days. For spatial characteristics of $PM_{10}$ measurement data, we computed coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of divergence (COD). Based on temporal and spatial investigation, we suggested preferred long-term metrics for cohort studies. In 2010, 294 urban background monitoring sites were located in South Korea with a site over an area of $415.0km^2$ and distant from another site by 31.0 km on average. Annual average $PM_{10}$ concentrations decreased by 19.8% from 2001 to 2012, and seasonal $PM_{10}$ patterns were consistent over study years with higher concentrations in spring and winter. Spatial variability was relatively small with 6~19% of CV and 21~46% of COD across 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in 2010. To maximize spatial coverage and reflect temporal and spatial distributions, our suggestion for $PM_{10}$ metrics representing long-term exposures was the average for one or multiple years after 2009. This study provides the knowledge of all available $PM_{10}$ data measured at national regulatory monitoring sites in South Korea and the insight of the plausible longterm exposure metric for cohort studies.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.767-785
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• 2021

With the rapid development of information technology, it is now possible to analyze the spatial patterns of cultivated land and its evolution by combining GIS, geostatistical analysis models and spatiotemporal big data for the dynamic monitoring and management of cultivated land resources. The spatial pattern of cultivated land and its evolutionary patterns in Luoyang City, China from 2009 to 2019 were analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and spatial autoregressive models on the basis of GIS technology. It was found that: (1) the area of cultivated land in Luoyang decreased then increased between 2009 and 2019, with an overall increase of 0.43% in 2019 compared to 2009, with cultivated land being dominant in the overall landscape of Luoyang; (2) cultivated land holdings in Luoyang are highly spatially autocorrelated, with the 'high-high'-type area being concentrated in the border area directly north and northeast of Luoyang, while the 'low-low'-type area is concentrated in the south and in the municipal area of Luoyang, and being heavily influenced by topography and urbanization. The expansion determined during the study period mainly took place in the Luoyang City, with most of it being transferred from the 'high-low'-type area; (3) elevation, slope and industrial output values from analysis of the bivariate spatial autocorrelation and spatial autoregressive models of the drivers all had significant effects on the amount of cultivated land holdings, with elevation having a positive effect, and slope and industrial output having a negative effect.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.179-190
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• 2022

Data missing in optical satellite images caused by natural variations have been a crucial barrier in observing the status of marine surfaces. Although there have been many attempts to fill the gaps of non-observation, there is little research to analyze the ratio of missing grids to overall sea grids and their seasonal patterns. This report introduces the method of quantifying the distribution of missing points and then shows how the missing points have spatial correlation and seasonal trends. Both temporal and spatial integration methods are compared to assess the effectiveness of reducing missing data. The temporal integration shows more outstanding performance than the spatial integration. Moran's I and K-function with statistical hypothesis testing show that missing grids are clustered and there is a non-random distribution from daily integration. The result of the seasonality test for Moran's I through a periodogram shows dependency on full-year, half-year, and quarter-year periods respectively. These analysis results can be used to deduce appropriate integration periods with permissible estimation errors.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1994.10a
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• pp.144.1-144
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• 1994

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2004

This study has been performed to clarify the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of surface ozone concentration over Jeju Island, one of the cleanest areas in Korea with low emissions of air pollutants. Ozone data are monitored at four sites in Jeju Island. These monitoring sites are located at two urban area(referred to Ido and Donghong), coastal area(Gosan site) and forest site(Chuna site). Ozone data has been routinely collected at these sites for the late four years. The patterns of seasonal cycle of ozone concentrations at all stations show the bimodal with the peaks on spring and autumn and a significant summer minimum. However, the patterns of diurnal variations at rural station, i.e., Gosan and Chuna sites are considerably different to those at urban stations such as Ido and Donghong sites. The patterns of $\DeltaO_3$ variations are very similar with those of monthly mean ozone concentrations and $\DeltaO_3$ values are exceeded 30 ppb, at urban stations. This may be that urban stations are more influenced by local photochemical reactions rather than rural stations. In order to assess the potential roles of meteorological parameters on ozone formation, the meteorological parameters, such as radiation, temperature, and wind are monitored together with ozone concentrations at all stations. The relationships of meteorological parameters to the corresponding ozone concentration are found to be insignificant in Jeju Island. However, at Gosan and Donghong stations, when the sea breeze blew toward the station, the ozone concentration is considerably increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

In this age of information ruled by new technologies and knowledge, the world is interconnected as a single community, and within this trend of globalization, new cultural codes are emerging through temporal fusion between the past and the present and spatial fusion between different regions and countries. In this situation, it seems meaningful to review Korean fusion foods and restaurants serving such foods, as well as to consider their future directions. Thus, the objective of the present study was to survey and analyze Korean fusion restaurants representing Korean culture not only in Korea, but also in foreign cities, and to identify the expression characteristics of such restaurants. Based on restaurants recommended in relevant magazines and on Internet sites, 18 spaces were selected, visited, and surveyed, in which tradition and modernism were well-mixed. Data on the shapes, materials, colors, and patterns of spatial elements and food-related elements, including photographs, were collected and analyzed. The results are as follows. Of the 18 restaurants, 13 (72%) showed temporal fusion in both spatial and food-related elements, 4 showed temporal fusion in spatial elements and cultural fusion in food-related elements, and 1 showed cultural fusion in both spatial and food-related elements. In general, the spaces were mainly designed with modern elements and partially with traditional elements (ceilings, windows, furniture, articles), and the fusion of food-related elements was made in diverse forms that included temporal fusion restructuring traditional menus contemporarily, and cultural fusion harmonizing traditional food with Western cookery.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.414-432
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• 2012

Land price is a kind of text to read urban spatial structure. The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the characteristics of Daegu's urban structure and its change in time through exploring spatio-temporal variations of land price with a detailed spatial and temporal resolution. To achieve this, land value surfaces were represented using the officially assessed land price every other year from 1995 to 2011. Through mapping and exploring spatio-temporal patterns and fluctuation rates of land price for this period, changes in urban structure, the effects of local decision makings such as Greenbelt adjustment, housing site development, and gentrification, and the effects of business fluctuations or policies at global or national scales could be caught. In addition, the trends for suburbanization and multi-centric urban form could be examined from the results of a negative exponential model explaining the effect of distance from an urban center on spatial variation of land price. These results demonstrate that urban analysis using land price mirroring spatial decision making at various scales could deepen understanding for internal structure and change of a city and provide useful information for establishing regional and urban development policies and evaluating their effects.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.300-311
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• 2021

Background: So far there is no confidence in the basics of acupoint/meridian phenomena, specifically in spatial and temporal electrical manifestations in the skin. Methods: Using the skin electrodynamic introscopy, the skin areas of 32 × 64 mm² were monitored for spectral electrical impedance landscape with spatial resolution of 1 mm, at 2 kHz and 1 MHz frequencies. The detailed baseline and 2D test-induced 2 kHz-impedance phase dynamics and the 4-parameter time plots of dozens of individual points in the St32-34 regions were examined in a healthy participant and a patient with mild gastritis. Non-thermal stimuli were used: (1) (for the sick subject), microwaves and ultraviolet radiation applied alternately from opposite directions of the meridian; and (2) (for the healthy one) microwaves to St17, and cathodic/anodic stimulation of the outermost St45, alternately. Results: In both cases, the following phenomena have been observed: emergence of in-phase and/or antiphase coherent structures, exceeding the acupoint conditional size of 1 cm; collective movement along the meridian; reversible with a reversed stimulus; counter-directional dynamics of both whole structures and adjacent points; local abnormalities in sensitivity and dynamics of the 1 MHz and 2 kHz parameters indicating existence of different waveguide paths. Conclusion: It is assumed that these findings necessitate reconsideration of some basic methodological issues regarding neurogenic/acupuncture points as spatial and temporal phenomena; this requires development of an appropriate approach for identifying the acuzones patterns. These findings may be used for developing new approaches to personalized/controlled therapy/treatment.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.515-517
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• 2004

Although sustainable development of a city should in theory be based on updated spatial information like land cover/use changes, in practice there are no effective tools to get such information. However the development of satellite and sensor technologies has increased the supply of high resolution satellite data, allowing cost-effective, multi-temporal monitoring. Especially KOMPSAT-1(KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite) acquired a large number of images of the whole Korean peninsula and covering some large cities a number of times. In this study land-use patterns and trends of Daejeon from the year 2000 to the year 2003 will be considered using land use maps which are generated by manual interpretation of multi-temporal KOMPSAT EOC imagery and to show the possibility of using high resolution satellite remote sensing data for urban analysis.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.335-346
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• 2002

LBS(Location Based Services) provide the location-based information to its mobile users. The primary functionality of these services is to provide useful information to its users at a minimum cost of resources. The functionality can be implemented through data mining techniques. However, conventional data mining researches have not been considered spatial and temporal aspects of data simultaneously. Therefore, these techniques are inappropriate to apply on the objects of LBS, which change spatial attributes over time. In this paper, we propose a new data mining technique for identifying the temporal patterns from the series of the locations of moving objects that have both temporal and spatial dimension. We use a spatial operation of contains to generalize the location of moving point and apply time constraints between the locations of a moving object to make a valid moving sequence. Finally, the spatio-temporal technique proposed in this paper is very practical approach in not only providing more useful knowledge to LBS, but also improving the quality of the services.