• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2006

This study investigated the effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the plasma and liver lipid concentrations in lats fed a cholesterol free diet Twenty male-Sprague-Dawley rats(body weight $200{\pm}10g$) were divided into two groups, the control and taurine group(2% taurine supplemented in their diet). All the rats were fed on the experimental diet and deionized water for 6 weeks libitum. There were no significant differences body weight gain, food intake and the food efficiency ratio between the control and experimental groups. The rats fed the taurine diet had a significantly lower triglyceride and AI(athrogenic index) than those fed the control diet The liver total cholesterol (p<0.05) and triglyceride levels(p<0.01) were significantly lower in the rats fed the taurine diet than in those fed the control diet. These results suggest a possible role of taurine as a hypolipidemic agent in male rats fed a cholesterol free diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.825-833
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• 2002

The effects of dietary supplementation of Eleutherococcus senticosus, taurine and carnitine on maximal endurance exercise performance along with other related parameters were evaluated in rats that underwent aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks. Thirty-two male rats (4 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups, and fed experimental diets and/or aerobic exercise trained according to the protocol: SC (sedentary control group), EC (exercise-trained control group), EE (exercise-trained Eleutherococcus senticosus-supplemented group), and EETC (exercise-trained Eleutherococcus senticosus, taurine and carnitine-supplemented group). The food efficiency ratio of EC rats was significantly lower than the value for SC rats (p < 0.01). Exercise-trained control animals (92 $\pm$ 8.8 min) could run significantly longer until exhausted on the treadmill than sedentary control rats (11 $\pm$ 0.8 min) (p < 0.001). Animals fed an Eleutherococcus senticosus-supplemented diet, and an Eleuthherococcus sonticosus, taurine and carnitine- supplemented diet while undergoing aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks exhibited, respectively, 8 and 5 minutes longer running performance until exhausted than the rats fed the control diet. The gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentration of the rats, measured at 48 hours post maximal exercise performance test, was 43% higher in EC rats than the value for SC rats (p < 0.05), but was not different among EC, EE, and EETC rats. The mitochondrial citrate synthase activity of the soleus muscle was significantly higher in EC rats compared to the value for SC rats (p < 0.01), and showed a tendency to increase, without statistical significance, in EE or EETC rats compared to the value for EC rats. These results indicate that aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks significantly improved maximal exercise performance, muscle glycogen content along with citrate synthase activity, which are important in the energy metabolism of muscle under aerobic exercise. Dietary supplementation of Eleutherococcus senticosus in rats while undergoing aerobic exercise training improved maximal endurance exercise performance without significantly affecting muscle glycogen content and enzyme activities involved in energy metabolism during exercise. Taurine and carnitine supplementation failed to show an additive effect on maximal endurance exercise performance when consumed along with Eleutherococcus senticosus.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2009

Taurine supplementation has been shown to have a beneficial effect on femur bone mineral content in ovariectomized rats. It therefore seemed desirable to find out whether the beneficial effect of taurine on ovariectomized rats fed calcium deficient diet could also be reproduced. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, One group was OVX and the other group received sham operation (SHAM), and received either control diet or a taurine supplemented diet for 6 weeks. All rats were fed on calcium deficient diet (AIN-93: 50% level of calcium) and deionized water. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured in spine and femur. The serum and urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined, Bone formation was measured by serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations, Bone resorption rate was measured by deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslinks immunoassay and corrected for creatinine. Urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion, osteocalcin in blood and cross link value were not significantly different among the groups. Within the OVX group, the taurine supplemented group had not higher femur bone mineral content than the control group. This study established the need for a study on the taurine effect on bone with different calcium levels.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.23.1-23.10
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• 2019

Background: Taurine is a conditional essential amino acid for fish. A study was conducted to investigate the compensating effect of supplemental taurine in diets for red seabream (Pagrus major) on impaired growth performance by fish meal (FM) replacement with soybean meal (SM) at low water temperature (14.15 ± 1.95 ℃). Methods: A FM-based diet was considered as a high FM diet and three other experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with SM by 20, 35, or 50% (HFM, SM20, SM35, or SM50, respectively) without taurine and other four diets were formulated by adding 1% taurine to the diets (HFM-T, SM20-T, SM35-T, or SM50-T, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (108.9 ± 1.58 g/fish) were distributed into 24 polyvinyl circular tanks (215 L) with 20 fish per tank and fed one of the diets to satiation for 20 weeks. Results: Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream were significantly improved by the dietary taurine supplementation. SM20-T and SM35-T diets increased fish growth that are comparable to HFM diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed SM20-T and SM35-T diets were not significantly different from those of HFM group. Dietary taurine supplementation in each FM replaced group numerically increased innate immunity of the fish. Lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in fish fed SM35, SM50, and SM50-T diets compared to those of fish fed HFM diet while they were not significantly lower in SM20, SM20-T, SM35, and SM35-T groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in fish group fed SM50 diet while SM50-T group did not significantly lower compared to that of HFM group. The relative expression level of hepatic IGF-1 mRNA was improved in fish fed taurine-supplemented diets compared to their respective SM diets. Conclusions: Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream can be accelerated or restored by 1% taurine supplementation when they are fed high level of SM up to 35% in diets during low water temperature season.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of taurine supplementation on heat shock protein 70 and in vitro protein turnover in broiler chicks under chronic heat stress. Chicks were allocated into 3 groups of 10 birds per group; the control group was maintained at a temperature of $24^{\circ}C$ without taurine (CO group), the heat-stressed group maintained at a temperature of $34^{\circ}C$ without taurine (HO group), and heat-stressed group maintained at a temperature of $34^{\circ}C$ with taurine (HT group). The final body and liver weights of broilers in the HO and HT groups were significantly lower than those of broilers in the CO group (P<0.05). However, these parameters of the broilers in the HT group were significantly higher than those of broilers in the HO group (P<0.05). The heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) concentration in the liver of broilers in the HO group was significantly higher than that of broilers in the CO and HT groups, but the hsp70 concentration in the liver of broilers in the HT group was not different from that of broilers in the CO group. Liver homogenates of 21 day-old broilers were incubated at temperatures of $37^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ to prove the effect of high temperature and taurine on total protein syntheses. Neither high temperature nor taurine supplementation affected protein syntheses in liver homogenates of the broilers. However, the more the temperature increased, the more the degradation rates of cytoplasmic protein in liver homogenates increased; however, taurine supplementation had no effects on the protein syntheses in the liver of the broiler. It is possible that taurine indirectly affected protein turnover via various physiological mechanisms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1310-1317
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• 2003

Effects of dietary cholesterol and/or taurine supplementation on plasma and hepatic lipid peroxidation status and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated in rats fed one of the following semisynthetic diets for 5 weeks: control diet (CD, cholesterol-free and taurine-free diet); high cholesterol diet (HCD, CD+1.5% cholesterol): high taurine diet (HTD, CD+1.5% taurine): high cholesterol and high taurine diet (HCHTD, HCD + 1.5% taurine). Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level was not influenced by dietary cholesterol or taurine supplementation, while hepatic MDA level was 70% higher in rats fed HCD compared to the value for CD rats (p<0.05). Our observation that taurine supplementation significantly decreased the hepatic MDA level of rats fed HCD, but failed to decrease lipid peroxidation of rats fed CD indicates that the protective effect of taurine in the liver against lipid peroxidation is manifested only under the hypercholesterolemic environment. Plasma and hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were not affected by dietary supplementation of cholesterol or taurine. However, hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly reduced by dietary taurine supplementation (p <0.05), and thus significantly lower in rats fed HTD compared to the value for CD (p<0.05). Plasma total cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with hepatic cholesterol concentration as expected (r=0.712, p<0.001). Plasma (r=0.399, p<0.05) and hepatic cholesterol levels (r=0.429, p<0.05) showed a significantly positive correlation with hepatic MDA concentration, respectively. Plasma taurine concentration was negatively correlated with hepatic SOD activity (r=-0.481, p<0.01), and tended to be negatively correlated with hepatic GSH-Px activity without showing statistical significance (r=-0.188, p<0.05). These results indicate an antioxidative effect of taurine in rats with elevated level of lipid Peroxidation due to high intake of dietary cholesterol. Future application of taurine as a safe candidate for a hypolipidemic agent without adversely affecting body's antioxidant defense system is speculated.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.369-376
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• 2002

Effects of dietary taurine on the abdominal fat weight and serum and liver concentrations of cholesterol were investigated with male broiler chicks. One-day old chicks were allocated to one of three taurine supplemented diets: 0 (control), 1 and 2%. Body weight gain of chicks fed the diet supplemented with 2% taurine decreased by 6% compared to the control (P$\prec$0.05). However, feed conversion ratio was not different among treatments. Liver weight and ratio of liver weight to body weight showed no difference among treatments. Abdominal fat weights were lower in 1% and 2% taurine supplementations by 14% and 20%, respectively, than that of the control (P$\prec$0.05). Serum concentrations of triglyceride, glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase were not different among treatments. However, serum concentrations of total cholesterol were higher in 1% and 2% taurine supplementations by 10% and 12%, respectively, than that of the control (P$\prec$0.05). Also serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol increased in 1% and 2% taurine supplementations by 20% and 34%, respectively, compared to the control (P$\prec$0.05). Concentrations of total cholesterol in liver decreased in 1% and 2% taurine supplementation by 9% and 13%, compared to the control (P$\prec$0.05). Also concentrations of HDL-cholesterol in liver were lower in 1.0% and 2.0% taurine supplementation by 20% and 38%, respectively, than that of the control (P$\prec$0.05). These results showed that taurine supplementation decreased the fat storage in abdominal cavity and affected on the cholesterol metabolism in liver of broiler chicks.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the dose effects of taurine supplementation and effects of taurine depletion in diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the purified diets and supplemented with 1, 2 or 3% taurine in drinking water for 7 weeks(E1, E2 and E3, respectively). To induce taurine depletion, rats were treated with 5% $\beta$-alanine in drinkeng water (EA). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection(50mg/kg B.W) after 3 weeks. Taurine-depleted diabetic rats(EA)had significantly lower body weight compared to those of nondiabetic(CO), nontaurine-supplemented diabetic(E0) and taurine-supplemented diabetic rats(E1, E2 and E3). E0 had significantly higher food intake compared to that of CO and EA. E1, E2 and E3, however, had significantly lower food intake compared to that of E0, and E3 had significantly lower food intake compared to that of E1 and E2. E0 had significantly higher water intake compare to that of CO and EA. EI had significantly lower water intake compared to that of E0. Blood glucose concentration of E0 was significantly increased compared to that of CO and EA. E2 and E3 had significantly lower blood glucose concentration compared to E0 and E1. Also there was a dose effect in blood glucose concentration between E2 and E3. The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations of EA were significantly increased compared to those of other groups. Therefore, it may be suggested that taurine supplementation is necessary for diabetes in order to prevent diabetic complications such as cardiac vascular diseases.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 1995

Essential and non-essential amino acids supplemented to culture medium stimulate mammalian embryo development in vitro. Amino acids such as glycine, taurine and alanine are concentrated in the lumen of oviduct and uterus and it can he thought that these amino acids may have physiological role on fertilization and embryo development. Our aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine or glycine supplemented to fertilization medium on the cleavage and subsequent in vitro development of bovine oocytes matured and fertilized in vitro. Immature oocytes were obtained from slaughtered Holstein cows and heifers and matured in TCM199 containing 10% fetal calf serum, 2.5 $\mu$g /mL of FSH and LH and 1 $\mu$g / mL of estradiol with granulosa cells in vitro. After maturation, oocytes were coincubated with sperm in fertilization medium supplemented with Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine (3.75 mM) or glycine (10 mM) for 30 hours in vitro. Inseminated oocytes were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOEM) containing MEM essential, non-essential amino acids and 1 mM glutarnine up to 8 days after fertilization.Supplementation of fertilization medium with MEM essential and non-essential amino acids lowered significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.001) the cleavage rate after 30 hours of IVF (53.3%) and at Day 3 (62.7%: Day 0: the day of I VF) compared to control (64.3% and 77.3%, respectively). Subsequent developmental rates to morulae (Mo) and expanding blastocysts (ExBL) also significantly decreased (p<0.001 and p<0.05 for Mo and ExBL) when oocytes were coincubated with sperm in the medium containing MEM amino acids. Taurine added to fertilization medium have not increased the cleavage rate over the control, whereas glycine showed significantly lower (p<0.01) cleavage rate at Day 3 than that of taurine, but there was no significant difference in the developmental rates to Mo and ExBL of bovine embryos irrespective of the supplementation of taurine or glycine to fertilization medium. In conclusion, supplementation of fertilization medium with essential and non-essential amino acids, taurine or glycine has no beneficial effect on in vitro cleavage and development of bovine oocytes matured and fertilization in vitro.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of taurine supplementation and taurine depletion on blood glucose and blood lipid concentrations in insulin-treated diabetic rats. Four groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the purified diet for 3 weeks ; nontaurine-supplemented diabetic rats(E0), nontaurine-supplemented diabetic rats with insulin treatment(E0＋I), 1% taurine-supplemented diabetic rats with insulin treatment(E1＋I) and taurine-depleted diabetic rats with insulin treatment(EA＋I). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection(50mg/kg B.W.). Isophane insulin was given subcutaneously into the abdominal wall of the diabetic rats(4 unit/rat/day). E1＋I were supplemented with 1% taurine in drinking water. To induce taurine depletion, EA＋I were treated with 5% $\beta$-alanine in drinking water. E1＋I had significantly higher body weight compared to that of E0. The food intakes of E1＋I and E0＋I were significantly decreased compared to that of E0. There was no sigfniciant difference in food intake between E1＋I and E0＋I. The water intake of rats was significantly different among the groups ; E0>E0＋I>E1＋I>EA＋I. The urine volume of E0 was significantly increased compared to those of insulin-treated goups. The blood glucose concentration of E0 was significantly increased compared to those of insulin-treated groups. In the oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), E0＋I and E1＋I had significantly lower blood blucose concentrations compared to E0 after 30 min. Also EA＋I had significantly lower bloodglucose concentrtion compared to E0 and E0＋I. The plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentratons of EA＋I were significantly incrased compared to those of other groups. Therefore, it may be suggested that tuarine supplementation is useful for insulin-dependent diabetes in order to prevent diabetic complications suchas cardiac vascular diseases.