• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2021

Purpose: Dementia is a disease in which cognitive function declines, leading to deterioration of body functions and activities of daily living. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of dual-task training, including cognitive tasks, on cognitive and body function and β-amyloid levels in Alzheimer's dementia patients. Methods: 34 inpatients diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia at a nursing hospital located in South Korea. The patients were randomly divided into a dual-task group (n=16) and a single-task group (n=18). Each group was trained for 30 minutes three times a week for eight weeks. The MMSE-K was used to measure the patients' cognitive function. To assess the patients' static balance ability, their LOS was measured using BioRescue. while dynamic balance was measured using the BBS. The 10MWT were conducted to evaluate the patients' walking ability. Blood analysis was performed to measure levels of β-amyloid. Results: Both groups exhibited statistically significant improvements in gait function after the training (p<0.05). The dual-task group exhibited statistically significant differences in cognitive function, static and dynamic balance function, and β-amyloid levels after training (p<0.05). A significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dual-task training were found to be effective in improving cognitive and bodily functioning and reducing β-amyloid levels in Alzheimer's dementia patients. Thus, this may be suggested as an effective exercise method for the treatment and early prevention of Alzheimer's dementia.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.430-437
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the balance confidence and balance ability among community-residing stroke patients. Methods: The sample for this study was a convenience sample obtained from patients who visited welfare centers for the disabled in three cities from October to December in 2009. The Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale and Berg Balance Scale were used to measure confidence in task performance and balance ability. Results: The level of balance confidence and balance ability were low in these subjects. There was a significant relationship between balance confidence and balance ability (r=.424, p=.000). Subjects with less balance ability felt less balance confidence. Conclusion: Among community-residing stroke patients, falls are common. Falls prevention which may contribute to the incidence of fall and fall related injury should be part of stroke rehabilitation plan. Also, it is necessary that an intervention for falls prevention after stroke should take into account factors such as the balance confidence and balance ability.

• 대한수학교육학회지:학교수학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.203-241
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• 2000

This study aims to suggest a model of task development for mathematics performance assessment and to develop performance tasks for the fifth graders in the primary school on the basis of this model. In order to achieve these aims, the following inquiry questions were set up: (1) to develop open-ended tasks and projects for the fifth graders, (2) to develop checklists for measuring the abilities of mathematical reasoning, problem solving, connection, communication of the fifth graders more deeply when performance assessment tasks are implemented and (3) to examine the appropriateness of performance tasks and checklists and to modify them when is needed through applying these tasks to pupils. The consequences of applying some tasks and analysing some work samples of pupils are as follows. Firstly, pupils need more diverse thinking ability. Secondly, pupils want in the ability of analysing the meaning of mathematical concepts in relation to real world. Thirdly, pupils can calculate precisely but they want in the ability of explaining their ideas and strategies. Fourthly, pupils can find patterns in sequences of numbers or figures but they have difficulty in generalizing these patterns, predicting and demonstrating. Fifthly, pupils are familiar with procedural knowledge more than conceptual knowledge. From these analyses, it is concluded that performance tasks and checklists developed in this study are improved assessment tools for measuring mathematical abilities of pupils, and that we should improve mathematics instruction for pupils to understand mathematical concepts deeply, solve problems, reason mathematically, connect mathematics to real world and other disciplines, and communicate about mathematics.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.325-339
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• 2021

연구의 목적은 문헌고찰을 통해 스포츠 관련 인지기능과 이를 효과적으로 측정할 수 있는 검사도구를 제안하고, 스포츠 지능 연구의 기초를 마련하는 것이다. 문헌고찰은 체계적 문헌고찰과 메타분석 지침인 PRISMA 연구법에 근거하여 수행되었다. 게재년도 2008-2020년으로 검색기준 설정 후, 키워드를 통해 검색된 총 429편 중 본 연구의 문헌선택 기준을 충족한 45편이 최종 분석되었다. 고찰된 논문 결과를 요약하면, 선수들은 비선수보다 특정 인지기능이 우수하고, 스포츠 전문성이 높을수록 해당 인지기능이 더 높았으며, 종목에 따라 인지기능에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 45편에 대한 종합적 분석결과, 스포츠 수행과 관련된 주요 인지기능은 실행기능(억제능력, 인지유연성), 정보처리속도, 공간능력, 주의력으로 요약된다. 각 인지기능 측정을 위한 검사도구로 억제능력은 정지신호과제, 인지유연성은 설계유연성검사, 정보처리는 단순반응검사와 선택반응검사, 공간능력은 심적회전검사, 주의력은 주의연합검사가 적절하다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2009

Many daily activities require people to complete a motor task while walking. Substantial gait decrements during simultaneous attention to a variety of cognitive tasks have been shown by a group of severely injured neurological patients of mixed etiology. And previous studies have shown that the attentional load of a walking-associated task increased with its level of difficulty. The purpose of this study was to analyze subjects' gait changes are affected by the effects of arithmetic task difficulty and performance level. Participants performed a walking task alone, three different Arithmetic tasks while seated, and among them, two kinds of the simillar Arithmetic tasks in combination with walking. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded for two of the Arithmetic tasks. The mean values of the gait were measured using a Timed Up and Go test among 11 with post-stroke patients while walking with and without forward counting (WFC) and backward counting(WBC).There was significant Arithmetic Task Difficulty level between the 10-forward counting task condition(FC) and the 10-backward counting task condition(BC)(p=0.008). The mean values of T.U.G time were significantly higher under backward counting dual-task condition than during a simple walking task(p=0.009) and WFC(p=0.009). The change in T.U.G time during WFC was higher when compared with the change during a simple walking, but there was no significant difference (p=0.246). This study suggesting that a high interference could be linked with a high level of difficulty, whereas adaptive task enabled participants to perfectly share their attention between two concurrent tasks. Future research should determine whether dual task training can reduce gait decrements in dual task situations in people after stroke. And the dual-task-based exercise program is feasible and beneficial for improving walking ability in subjects with stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.292-298
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dual tasks on balance and postural control during standing in patients with cerebellar ataxia (CA). It was hypothesized that CA patients would exhibit different sway characteristics of the center of mass (COM) depending on the complexity of the secondary cognitive tasks compared with normal control subjects. Methods: A total of 8 patients with CA and age-matched healthy control subjects participated in this study. They were instructed to perform two balance tasks (non-dual and dual movement) with 3 different complexity of dual tasks. Range, variability, and velocity of COMs were measured. Results: According to the results CA patients showed deficits in balance and postural control with increased dual-task complexity during the static balance task in saggital sway movements. However, there was no significant difference in static balance in frontal sway. With higher difficulty in the cognitive task, CA patients took longer to stabilize their body center, while normal control subjects showed no change between conditions. In addition, CA patients had a greater COM resultant velocity during recovery in the dual-task condition compared with the single-task condition. These findings indicate that CA patients had defendable compensatory strategies in performing dual tasks. Conclusion: In conclusion, CA patients appeared to manage the priority to balance and postural control. Particularly in a situation with a postural threat such as when potential consequences of the loss of stability increase, they appeared to prioritize the control of balance and posture over the performance of the secondary task.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between cognitive and motor inhibition by comparing muscle activity and ground reaction force during unplanned gait termination according to reaction time measured through the stop-signal task. Methods: Sixteen young adults performed a stop-signal task and an unplanned gait termination separately. The subjects were divided into fast and slow groups based on their stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), as measured by the stop-signal task. Electromyography (EMG) and ground reaction force (GRF) were compared between the groups during unplanned gait termination. The data for gait termination were divided into three phases (Phase 1 to 3). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare spatiotemporal gait parameters and EMG and GRF data between groups. Results: The slow group had significantly higher activity of the tibialis anterior in Phase 2 and Phase 3 than the fast group (p <0.05). In Phase 1, the fast group had significantly shorter time to peak amplitude (TPA) of the soleus than the slow group (p <0.05). In Phase 2, the TPA of the tibialis anterior was significantly lower in the fast group than the slow group (p <0.05). In Phase 3, there was no significant difference in the GRF between the two groups (p >0.05). There were no significant difference between the two groups in the spatiotemporal gait parameters (p >0.05). Conclusion: Compared to the slow group, the fast group with cognitive inhibition suppressed muscle activity for unplanned gait termination. The association between SSRT and unplanned gait termination shows that a participant's ability to suppress an incipient finger response is relevant to their ability to construct a corrective gait pattern in a choice-demanding environment.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 대학 골프선수들을 대상으로 운동능력믿음, 성취목표성향, 운동몰입 및 인지된 경기력의 이론적 관계를 검증하는데 있다. SPSS 18.0과 AMOS 18.0 통계 프로그램을 활용하여 대학교에 재학 중인 211명의 골프선수들로부터 수집한 자료를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대학 골프선수들이 갖고 있는 운동 능력에 대한 믿음의 하위요인에서 증가된 믿음은 과제성취성향에(C.R.=3.780, p<.001) 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 대학 골프선수들의 성취목표성향에서 과제성취성향(C.R.=4.082, p<.001)과 자아성취성향(C.R.=3.819, p<.001)은 골프에 대한 몰입감을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대학 골프선수들의 성취목표성향의 하위 요인에서는 과제성취성향(C.R.=3.020, p<.01)만이 인지된 경기력을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 대학 골프선수들의 운동몰입이 높을수록 인지된 경기력의 수준도 좋아지는 것으로 나타났다(C.R.=4.642, p<.001). 다른 하위요인들은 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 검증되지 못했다. 이러한 연구결과는 선수 자신의 운동능력에 대한 믿음에 따라 경기력이 변화될 수 있음을 알려주는 것으로서, 다양한 스포츠 분야에 적용이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of applying a program to enhance social information processing ability in schizophrenic patients. We confirmed the positive effects of the program on the theories of mind and attribution style, which are the social information elements of patients, and confirmed the effect of decreasing paranoid ideation. We used the theory of mind(hinting task, the false belief task), the attributional style questionnaire(external bias, personal bias), and the paranoia scale to test the effectiveness of the program. Specifically, in theory of mind, hinting task performance was improved(t=4.14, p=.000),. The scores of personal bias(t=-7.9, p=.000) and paranoid ideation(t=-2.98, p=.004) decreased. Further research is needed to verify the effectiveness of meta - cognitive training to enhance social information processing.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.331-346
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• 2012

Task-based programming is becoming the state-of-the-art method of choice for extracting the desired performance from multi-core chips. It expresses a program in terms of lightweight logical tasks rather than heavyweight threads. Intel Threading Building Blocks (TBB) is a task-based parallel programming paradigm for multi-core processors. The performance gain of this paradigm depends to a great extent on the efficiency of its parallel constructs. The parallel overheads incurred by parallel constructs determine the ability for creating large-scale parallel programs, especially in the case of fine-grain parallelism. This paper presents a study of TBB parallelization overheads. For this purpose, a TBB micro-benchmarks suite called TBBench has been developed. We use TBBench to evaluate the parallelization overheads of TBB on different multi-core machines and different compilers. We report in detail in this paper on the relative overheads and analyze the running results.