• 제목/요약/키워드: target poisoning

검색결과 35건 처리시간 0.024초

학교 집단급식소 내 식기류 및 집기류의 미생물학적 분석 및 위해요인 평가 (A Microbiological Analysis and Hazard Factor Evaluation of Food Utensils and Fixtures of Food Service Operations in Schools)

  • 박성준;홍성호;이하영;김철주;김수진;김성균;고광표
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제37권5호
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    • pp.376-386
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    • 2011
  • Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial hazards posed by food utensils and fixtures in food service operations at selected middle and high schools located in Seoul, Korea. Methods: We collected 200 samples of utensils and fixtures including cups, spoons/chopsticks, food trays and tables from five different schools in Seoul. Target microorganisms of this study were divided into two groups: total bacterial count and total coliform as indicators of microbial contamination and Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus as pathogens of food poisoning. We used selective media to quantify microbial concentration and 16S rRNA PCR assay for qualitative analysis. In addition, intensive interviews with nutritionists were conducted and observations were made to identify factors that may affect microbial contamination. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between the microbial concentration and operation characteristics of each operation. Results: The level of microbial concentration in school B and C were significantly lower than in school A, D and E (p<0.05). Some samples from school A, D and E showed over 3.4 log CFU/100 $cm^2$ (total bacterial count) and 1.0 log CFU/100 $cm^2$ (total coliform), which requires immediate hygienic action. The number of customers per staff member, periodicity of hygiene education for staff and daily operation time of sterilizers were also found to be important factors related with the microbial contamination of food service operations. Conclusions: These results suggested that not only a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) approach, but also efforts to assess internal risk factors within operations be needed to reduce the microbial contamination of food utensils and fixtures. This study is expected to provide preliminary data for assessing microbial hazards in food service operations.

Cadmium에 의한 흰쥐의 간장 및 신장의 Metallothionein 변화와 방어효과 (Metallothionein Induction and Its Protective Effect in Liver and Kidney of Rats Exposed to Cadmium Chloride)

  • 김남송;이재형;고대하;기노석;황인담
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.287-304
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    • 1991
  • Tolerance to several toxic effects of cadmium, including lethality has been shown following pretreatment with cadmium and zinc. This study was designed to determine if tolerance also develops to Cd-induced hepatotoxicityandrenaltoxicity. Three groups of rats (A, B, C), each consisting of 16 rats, were studied and each group was divided into four subgroups (1, 2, 3, 4), 4 rats for each subgroup. Rats were subcutaneously pretreated with saline (A), $CdCl_2$ (0.5 mg/kg, B), and $ZnCl_2$ (13.0 mg/kg, C) during time periods of $1{\sim}6$ weeks. At the end of the period, rats were challenged with $CdCl_2$ (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 mg/kg, ip). After giving the challenge dose, cadmium and metallothionein (MT) concentrations were determined and also observed the histologic change in liver and kidney. The concentration of cadmium in liver and kidney increased dose-dependently to the challenge dosage. These da indicate the kidney is a major target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning, and suggest that cadmium induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity observed in response to long-term exposure to cadmium. In addition, histologic examination of group $A_2,\;A_3\;and\;A_4$ revealed moderate to severe cadmium toxicity, evidenced by infiltration of inflammatory cells, cell swelling, pyknosis, enlarged sinusoids and necrosis in liver, and tubule cell necrosis and degeneration in kidney. However, MT concentrations in liver and kidney were increased by the pretreatment of $CdCl_2$ and $ZnCl_2$, and their morphological findings were not significantly changed, comparing with control group. Higher MT concentration in liver and kidney observed in the pretreated groups constitutes a plausible explanation of the protective effects of pretreatment against the cadmium toxicity after challenge dosing.

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산수유의 용매분획별 항균활성 (Antimicrobial Activity of Solvent Fraction from Cornus officianalis)

  • 김용두;김황곤;김경제
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제32권6호
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    • pp.829-832
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    • 2003
  • 다양한 기능성을 갖는 산수유를 대상으로 새로운 식품개발 및 천연 보존료 개발의 일환으로 물, 에탄올, 에칠아세테이트로 추출한 항균활성 물질을 몇종의 병원균과 식중독균 식품과 관련이 있는 세균, 젖산균 및 효모 등 10개 균주에 대하여 항균활성 검색을 하였으며, 항균력 이 강한 산수유 에탄올 추출물을 용매 계통분획하여 각 분획별 항균활성을 조사하였다. 또한 에탄을 추출물의 최소저해농도, 추출물에 함유된 항균성물질의 열안정성 pH등을 조사하였다. 산수유 과육과 씨 추출물의 항균활성은 에탄을 추출물과 물 추출물이 10균주중 세균에 대하여 항균활성이 강하였으나, 젖산균 및 효모에 대해서는 항균활성이 나타나지 않았다. 산수유의 에탄올 추출물을 핵산, 디에칠에테르, 에칠아세테이트 및 물로 용매계통분획하여 얻은 각 분획물의 항균활성은 에칠아세테이트와 물층에서 강한 항균활성을 보였고 균주별로 일반세균은 항균활성이 나타났으며, 효모와 젖산균에서는 항균활성이 나타나지 않았다. 산수유 과육과 씨의 에탄올 추출물의 최소저해농도는 세균이 0.25 mg/mL이었고, 효모와 젖산균 이 2 mg/mL이었다. 산수유의 과육 에탄을 추출물 농도의 영향은 B. subtilis는 0.25 mg/mL 이하의 농도에서는 균 증식이 증가되었으나 0.5 mg/mL 농도에서는 억제되었다. E. coli는 0.25 mg/mL이하의 농도에서는 배양 16시간까지 균 증식이 억제되다가 그 이후 서서히 증가되었다 산수유의 에탄을 추출물에 함유되어 있는 항균활성 물질은 121$^{\circ}C$에서 15분간 가열한 후에도 그 활성이 유지된 것으로 보아 열에 안정하였으며, pH의 변화에도 항균활성의 변화가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다.

미성숙 웅성 흰쥐를 이용한 이온화 방사선 조사 및 저농도 염화수은(II)의 음용에 따른 위해성 비교 평가 (Evaluation of Biological Effects of Low Concentrations of Mercury Chloride (II) and Ionizing Radiation in the Prepubertal Male Rats)

  • 김지향;김진규;윤용달
    • 환경생물
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.411-418
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    • 2004
  • 생태계는 수은의 화학적 형상 및 산업화에 따른 방출로 지속적이면서 다양하게 오염된다. 또한 수은은 화학적 여러 형태로 분류되며 쉽게 기화되는 성질로 인해 수은을 공정하는 과정에서 수많은 근로자들이 쉽게 급성 혹은 만성 중독이 될 수 있다. 그러나 수은의 유독성이 알려져 있기는 하나 생체가 환경에서 노출 가능한 저농도의 수은 영향에 대해서는 정확한 접근이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 실험은 이온화 방사선과 염화수은(II)의 영향을 비교해보고자 수행하였다. 미성숙의 웅성F344 흰쥐의 음용수에 염화수은을 녹여 실험기간 동안 음용시켰으며, 방사선 조사군의 경우는 6.5Gy의 감마선을 전신 조사하여 실험기간 동안 관찰하였다. 실험기간 동안의 체중의 변화량을 대조군과 비교 하였을 때, 염화수은을 처리한 군은 4.9% 증가를 보였으나, 감마선을 조사한 군에서는 14.4% 감소를 보였다. 혈액적 표지 인자들의 농도를 분석하여 각각 비교하였을 때, 염화수은을 처리하였을 때의 결과는 방사선을 전신조사한 것과는 확연히 다른 양상을 나타내었다. 반면 스트레스 호르몬으로 알려진 대표적인 부신피질 호르몬인 cortisol의 혈청내 농도는 대조군에 비해 두 실험군에서 모두 상승하였다. 각 외인성 인자에 의한 세포자연사 양상을 비교하고자 정소와 신장 조직에 대한 역전사중합반응을 실시하였다. Bax mRNA 분자의 발현은 두 실험군의 정소와 신장에서 모두 증가하였으나, Bcl-2 mRNA는 실험군에 따라 혹은 기관에 따라 다른 양상을 보였다. 본 실험의 결과 염화수은(II)은 주대상기관을 신장으로 하여 그 손상 기전은 이온화 방사선의 것과 구별되는 양상을 나타나는 것으로 확인하였다.

서울시 고등학생의 안전교육 실태 및 요구도 조사 (Needs Accessment of Safety Education of High School Students in Seoul)

  • 김민아;이명선
    • 보건교육건강증진학회지
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.133-162
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    • 2001
  • Unexpected accidents in school has been gradually increased every year, and student's mistaken was the first reason of the accident. To preventing the students from Unexpected accidents in school, safety education is more important than having strong facilities to have much more strong protecting forces for the accidents. Therefore, systematic education of safety is needed most of all, and especially, strengthening safety education in school is needed. Hereby, this study is aimed at investigating and analysing the actual condition and demand of safety education. It also conducted a survey with the target of 1,255 students in the second grade of high school in Seoul from April 20 to May 19, and the result of this study is as follows. 1. In the general features of the subject of the survey, boy students and girl students occupied 50.8% and 49.2% each, and boys' high school (34.3%), girls' high school(32.2%) and co-ed(33.5%) participated in balance. In the location, north from Han river occupied 54.6%, south were 45.2%. 2. According to the status of experiencing an accident, boys were more experienced then girls(p〈0.05). From the section, home accident(56.8%) occupied most followed by school accident, traffic accident, sports accident and poisoning. The accident happening most often in detailed category is sports accident such as basket ball, foot ball and dodge ball. The actual condition of the subject's using a school health facility shows that boys students use it more often than girl students(p〈0.01) 3. In attitude toward safety, the subject showed lower interest in safety issues than other social issues. But attitude in seriality of safety problems were high. Also, they responded ‘individual citizen’(63.1%) as the one who should make efforts for safety. Regarding knowledge of preventing safety accidents in attitude toward individual safety, 42.2% answered ‘they know a little’ and 32.6% of respondents say ‘they do not know’. To a question of the degree of the subject's following safety rules, 36.4% were answered ‘keeping’ and the group using a school health facility shows more ‘keeping’ the others(p〈0.05). 4. To a question of asking if they have experienced safety education, 51.2% answered ‘yes’. Teachers who mainly take care of safety education are answered as training teacher(48.7%). As for education time, training class(51.3%) is said to have safety education most followed by health-related event and PE(Physical Education). Frequency of education shows once or twice a session (62.8%) most often, but in case of co-ed school, 5-7times a session or more(20.1%) are being practiced. Looking at education time, 1-2 hour(s)(22.1%) or for a short time(22.1%) during class are being practiced. As an education method, instruction(43.8%) and video education(32.5%) are being practiced, and when it comes to education evaluation method, ‘not practiced’(70.0%) answered. To the question if they are satisfied with school safety education, they answered more ‘no(43.1%)’ than ‘yes(6.7%)’, and the reason is that safety education class is just for formality's sake, and the fact they already know is being repeated. The contents of safety education is composed of school safety, home safety, and first aid. 5. It is turned out that 56.5% of the total boy students and 61.1% of the total girl students recognize the necessity of safety education. To the question if safety education is needed in an elementary and middle education course, 46.4% of the subject answer answered' it's necessary'. The most reason for their answers are ‘safety education is directly related to life’. 6. Regarding the requested time of safety education is ‘one hour a week’ by 55.9%. For safety education, safety education teachers(38.7%) are answered to be the most proper. As a request for safety education, video education is answered to be the most appropriate(30.6%), followed by practical skills, lecture and discussion(p〈0.05). Demand of educational evaluation, practical skills, interview and observation are answered to be needed. To the question if they want to participate in the way of demanded safety education, 41.9% of respondents answer ‘have a mind to participate in’ (41.9%). To benefits followed by completing safety education, 72.0% of respondents answer ‘agree’, and 24.7% ‘do not agree’, which means lout 4 disagrees with completing safety education. 7. Looking at demand of safety education according to the features of the subject, ‘our position for the person who has handicapped’ was answer to the most.

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