• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

It is the common practice to over design the reinforcement for the secondary tunnel lining due to the lack of rational insight into the ground loosening loads. and due to the conservative application of the empirical design methods. The main loads of the secondary lining are the ground Loosening loads and the ground water pressure, and the ground load is critical in the reinforcement design of the secondary lining in the case of drained tunnel. If the external load is absent around a tunnel, the reasons of the load far secondary tunnel lining are the deterioration of the primary supports such as shotcrete, steel rib, and rockbolts. Accordingly, the analysis method considering the ground-primary supports-secondary lining interaction should be required tar the rational design of the secondary tunnel lining. In this paper, the interaction was conceptually described by the simple mass-spring model and the load transfer from the ground and primary supports to the secondary lining is showed by the ground-primary supports-secondary lining reaction curves fur the theoretical solution of a circular tunnel. And also, the application of this proposed model to numerical analysis is verified in order to check the potential far the tunnel with the complex analysis conditions.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.276-280
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• 2000

In order to identify the domains of the G$_{\alpha}$16 subunit G protein that are responsible for its activation by the Interleukin-8 receptor, a serious of chimeras between G$_{\alpha}$16 and G$_{\alpha}$11 were assessed for their abilities to be activated by these receptors. Co-expression of IL-8 receptor and chimeras in which the carboxyl-terminal regions of G$_{\alpha}$11 were replaced from 30 up to 156 amino acid residues with the corresponding regions of G$_{\alpha}$16 demonstrated that C-terminal 156 amino acid residues of the G$_{\alpha}$16 were not sufficient to confer IL-8 receptor interaction specificity. Testing of a reciprocal serious of chimeras composed of G$_{\alpha}$16 sequences at the amino terminus and G$_{\alpha}$11 sequences at the carboxyl terminals revealed that sequences extending from the amino tar- minus to amino acid 209 of G$_{\alpha}$16 were sufficient to 7ndow the chimera with 75-80% of interaction specificity for 7-8-induced activation. These results suggest th,.7t combined interactions of the C-terminal 30 amino acid residues and certain domains extending from the arts.ino terminus to amino acid 209 of Gal 6 protein may be involved in its couplings to IL-8 receptor.tain domains extending from the arts.ino terminus to amino acid 209 of Gal 6 protein may be involved in its couplings to IL-8 receptor.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.121-124
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• 2008

Tarballs formed by HEBEI SPIRIT oil spill observed in the south-western sea of Korea from December 27 2007. The tarballs were removed by the response party, which Korea Coast Guard became a center of organization. The amounts of removing tarballs form the sea and the coast were 0.345 tons and 1,739 tons, respectively. The number of persons, in order to remove the tar balls from the south-western sea of Korea, counted about 97,000 persons, including 25,000 volunteers. In this paper, we introduced the response methods of tarballs entering into the south-western sea of Korea such as a landing net, meshes and so on.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.347-356
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• 2018

Chionanthus retusus is a small deciduous tree that is widely used in landscaping due to its beautiful white spring flowers and ornamental value. Conventional propagation through seeds requires one to two years of breaking dormancy. The objective of this study was to determine the conditions of in vitro germination in C. retusus. In vitro embryo culture was carried out to investigate the effects of six factors: basal media (McCown Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS)); plant growth regulators (different combinations and concentrations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA), and gibberellic acid ($GA_3$)); embryo age (collected weekly beginning 36 days after fruit setting); low temperature pretreatment (storing $4^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks); coconut additives (100, 200, and $300ml{\cdot}L^{-1}$); and genotype (grouping plants depending on their flowering nature). The basal medium used in this study was WPM with $2mg{\cdot}L^{-1-1}\;GA_3$, $20g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose, and $6g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ Agar. WPM medium mixed with $GA_3$, resulted in higher germination rate as compared to when using a combination of auxin and cytokinin. $GA_3$ at $2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was the most effective of all combinations and concentrations of PGRs. WPM medium with $2mg{\cdot}L^{-1}GA_3$ resulted in better and faster germination (75.93%). Embryos collected at 57 days after fruit setting had the highest percent of germinated seeds (87.04%) while low-temperature pretreatment of fruits at $4^{\circ}C$ for two weeks produced the highest germination (95.37%). These results of this study could be an open ground for development of an efficient protocol for commercial production of the ornamental tree.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.210-218
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• 2019

Batch experiment studies were carried out on the adsorption of the major tar compound, 2-picoline, derived from the plant cell cultures of Taxus chinensis, using Sylopute while varying parameters such as initial 2-picoline concentration, contact time and adsorption temperature. The experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Comparison of results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model could account for the adsorption isotherm data with the highest accuracy among the four isotherm models considered. From the analysis of adsorption isotherms, it was found that adsorption capacity decreased with increasing temperature and the adsorption of 2-picoline onto Sylopute was favorable. The kinetic data were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while intraparticle diffusion and boundary layer diffusion did not play a dominated role in 2-picoline adsorption according to the intraparticle diffusion model. Thermodynamic parameters revealed the exothermic, irreversible and non-spontaneous nature of adsorption. The isosteric heat of adsorption decreased as surface loading ($q_e$) increased, indicating a heterogeneous surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2019

Recently, rural housing in urban areas has been increasing due to the improvement of income level. With the increase of the construction of the power house, the installation of the heating system using the harmonious fuel for the purpose of heating and the beauty of the room is increasing rapidly. In addition to the increasing use of firewood heating equipment, the incidence of fire is also increasing. Analysis of the National Fire Data System of the Fire Department The result of the analysis of the National Fire Data System Many parts of the fire are incinerated by the accumulation of tar due to the incompleteness of periodic cleaning inside the cylinder. The distance between the fire extinguisher and the combustible materials such as ceiling, Resulting in fire. In addition, it was found that much of the fire of the firewood heating system in the time zone occurs during the sleeping and resting time and there is not enough time for the residents to cope. This, in turn, causes serious harm to the lives and property of the users of the pyrotechnic heating system. Therefore, in this study, domestic and foreign standards and laws related to fuel oil heating facilities were analyzed and 12 cases of fire accidents were analyzed. Through the revision of the fire prevention and firefighting facilities installation and maintenance law, the installation standards of the alarm and fire extinguishing facilities were presented.

• Journal of Convergence Korean Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2022

Objectives: TSepsis and subsequent acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical state of health caused by infection or endotoxins. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Water Extract of Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Radix (AR) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS to induce sepsis and ALI. AR was orally fed twice at 30 min and 180 min after LPS injection. At 24 h post injection, mice were sacrificed, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood was collected, and lung tissue was harvested. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed in lung tissues, wet/dry ratio of the lung tissue was measured, and the serum cytokine and chemokine levels were analyzed. Results: AR revoked the LPS-induced pathological changes in lung tissues, such as abnormal histological structures, immune cell infiltration and lung edema. Also, AR suppressed the neutrophil infiltration into the lung which was greatly increased by LPS injection based on the cell content of collected BALF. Serum cytokines and chemokines were measured, and AR reversed the LPS-induced increase of cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and chemokines including C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 and 2. Conclusion: TAR showed a protective effect in the pathological progress of LPS-induced ALI. Especially, AR suppressed lung edema and infiltration of neutrophils by inhibiting cytokine and chemokine expressions. Such results demonstrate the potential of AR as a therapeutic agent for sepsis and sepsis-induced ALI.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.79-88
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to find spectator's value cognition and expected-benefit factors on professional baseball sportstar. Purposeful Sampling method was used to select among fan club leaders and people who had watched baseball games over ten years 8 informants who watched more than 4 times in 6 baseball games in 2011 Lotte Card Professional Baseball League. Data collection relies on focus group interviews and in-depth interviews. Text analysis was attempted to adopt the A-R-C needs theory proposed by Thomson(2006) for spectator's value cognition and the metaphors for consuming by Holt(1995) for expected-benefit factors. The research summary is as follow: Spectator's value cognition on professional baseball sportstar were an object of entertainment-oriented value, a major figure for social relationship-oriented and an object of identical. Spectator's expected-benefit factors on professional baseball sports tar were confirmation of values and heroic orientation. Meanwhile, spectator who had entertainment-oriented value cognition on professional baseball sportstar expect heroic orientation, who recognize professional baseball sportstar a major figure for social relationship-oriented and an object of identical pursue confirmation of values.

• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 2010

The adsorption characteristics of quinoline yellow by granular activated carbon were investigated experimently in the batch adsorber and packed column. The adsorptivity of activated carbon for quinoline yellow were largely improved by acidic pH and higher temperature. When the pH was 3 at $60^{\circ}C$, quinoline yellowcould be removed 97 percent of initial concentration(10 mg/L). It was estabilished that the adsorption equilibrium of quinoline yellow on granular activated carbon was successfully fitted by Freundlich isotherm equation in the temperature range from $25^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$. The estimated values of k and ${\beta}$ are 38.71~166.60, 0.380~0.490, respectively. The breakthrough curve of activated carbon-packed column depends on the design variables such as initial concentration, bed height, and flow rate.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1976

A study was made on the interstrain difference in dose-infection response and induction response of silkworm to the two strains of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus to obtain some informations on screening the leading strains. Comparison of dose-infection responses of larvae following the inoculation of the inclusion body of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus revealed that there is no significance in the resistance to dose-infection and any of strains were more resistant at advanced stage(4th instar) than younger stage(2nd instar). In the pathogenicity between cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus with hexagonal and tetragonal outline, the hexagonal polyhedra showed higher pathogenicity than the tetragonal polyhedra. However, the averages of $LC_{50}$ of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus with hexagonal outline to larvae of parental inbred line were 6.12${\times}$10$\^$6//$m\ell$ at 2nd instar and 1.57${\times}$10$\^$7//$m\ell$ at 4th instar in spring and those to their hybrids were 1.28${\times}$10$\^$6//$m\ell$ at 2nd ins tar and 4.99${\times}$10$\^$6//$m\ell$ at 4th ins tar in autumn. Meanwhile the $LC_{50}$ averages of tetragonal polyhedra. to larvae of parental inbred line were 2.06${\times}$10$\^$7//$m\ell$ at 2nd instar and 5.67${\times}$10$\^$7//$m\ell$ at 4th instar in spring and those to their hybrids were 9.84${\times}$10$\^$6//$m\ell$ at 2nd instar and 3.86${\times}$10$\^$7//$m\ell$ at 4th instar in autumn, respectively. In comparison of induction response of silkworm larvae to inoculation of tetragonal polyhedra of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, the induction rate of hexagonal polyhedra was remarkably higher in the treatment of inoculation at 2nd instar than at 4th instar and at the concentration of 1.3${\times}$10$\^$6//$m\ell$ than at any others. Most of induction showed a mixed infection with hexagonal and tetragonal polyhedra of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus.