• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.63-81
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• 2005

Herbal acupuncture has been used to prevent and treat the cerebrovascular accident, such as a stroke, and many studies of acupuncture and moxibustion concerning to the stroke have been undertaken in the human and various animals. The main characteristics of herbal acupuncture are a combination of acupuncture and herbal medicine. It was not well known the therapeutic effect and the mechanism of herbal acupuncture on transient forebrain ischemic injury, although it has been used frequently in clinics. In this study, neuroprotective effects of folium artemisiae argyi (艾葉)' herbal acupuncture on the $LR_3$ (Taechung) on the transient forebrain ischemia were investigated in Sprague-Dawely rats. Expressions of cFos, FosB and BDNF protein in the hippocampus and cortex were observed at 2 hrs and 48 hrs after transient forebrain ischemia by immunohistochemistry and ELISA technique. Expression of cFos protein was increased slightly in the hippocampus and cortex at 2 hrs after transient forebrain ischemia, but FosB protein was increased highly comparing to cFos protein. However, pretreatment with folium artemisiae argyi' herbal acupuncture on $LR_3$ significantly increased expression of cFos protein and significantly decreased expression of FosB protein compared to control group. These features were observed in the motor cortex and retrosplenial granular cortex as well as the hippocampus. Also, pretreatment with folium artemisiae argyi' herbal acupuncture on $LR_3$ significantly increased the expression of BDNF protein in the hippocampus ($263.26{\pm}44.56pg/ml$ extracted by water, $275.35{\pm}51.47pg/ml$ extracted by moxa tar)and the cortex ($102.33{\pm}13.65pg/ml$ extracted by water, $109.54{\pm}9.37pg/ml$ extracted by moxa tar) compared to the hippocampus $(134.07{\pm}2.96pg/ml)$ and the cortex $(61.16{\pm}4.11pg/ml)$ in control group at 48 hrs after transient forebrain ischemia. These results suggest that pretreatment with folium artemisiae argyi'herbal acupuncture on $LR_3$ has neuroprotective effect on transient forebrain ischemia and the herbal acupunture on $LR_3$ may be related to antioxidative function of folium artemisiae argyi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.251-256
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• 2002

Fresh bamboo (Phyllostachys bambuoides sieb. et zucc.) was charred at the mechanical steel kiln and traditional earth kiln with subsequent condensation of its smoke to 10$0^{\circ}C$. It was settled down for 12 months to remove tar components and then the middle layer of the liquid was collected as a bamboo smoke distillates to analyze its chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics for use as food additives or processing aids. The gravity, transmittance, reflectivity, and viscosity were 1.008, 89.05%, 1.36%, and 12.48 cp in the bamboo smoke distillates processed by mechanical steel kiln (MBSD) and 1.012, 98.33%, 1.34% and 9.05 cp in the bamboo smoke distillates by traditional earth kiln (TBSD), respectively. The color of TSBD was brighter than that of MBSD. The pH and titratable acidity, tar and remains were 3.55 and 2.830%, 2.803% and 0.671%, respectively, in the MBSD and 2.93 and 3.470%, 0.051% and 0.004%, respectively, in the TBSD. The major phenolic compounds of bamboo smoke distillates (BSD) were phenol, Ο-cresol, p-cresol, and guaiacol and the major organic acids were acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, and n-butyric acid, and major alcohols were methanol, furfuryl alcohol, and maltol. The contents of phenolic compound and alcohol were more in MBSD than in TBSD whereas the content of organic acid was more in TBSD than in MBSD. Therefore, toxic compounds for the human body, such as methanol from BSD should be removed for use as a food ingredient in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2004

The industrialization of central Europe more than 100 ago marked the beginning of densely concentrated buildings in quickly growing cities. A cheap type of roofing material of that time was tar. But it was dangerous because it was high inflammable. Then some roofer had a splendid idea. They used sandy material as a final layer atop the impermeable tar layer. These roofs were much more fire resistant than the typical roofs. In this sandy layer some plant species began to grow spontaneously. This was the beginning of the green roof history of modern Europe. A number of these green roofs survived both world wars. In the early 80's in Berlin alone, 50 such buildings existed and they continued to be waterproof until the present day. Since the 1992 Earth Summit of 1992 in Rio de Janeiro(http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/basic_info/unced.html) the term "sustainable development" became of central interest of urban designers. In city regions green roofs had become synonymous with this term. With a small investment, long-lasting roofs can be created. Further back in history, more exciting examples of green roofs can be found. The hanging gardens of antiquity are well-known. There are also green roofs built as insulation against cold and heat all over the world. For over 20 years, roof greening in central Europe has been closely examined for various reasons. Roof greening touches several different disciplines. Of primary interest is the durability of the roofs. But ecologists are also interested in green roofs, for instance in biodiversity research. The beneficial effect of greening on water proofing was also proven. For some time, the issue of fire protection was investigated. According to tests, green roofs received a harsh careful rating. Their fire protective property is considered similar to that of tile roofs. Another recent impulse for the green roof movement in Germany has come from the evident improvement of storm water retention and the reduced burden on the sewer system. The question of whether and how much energy green roofs can save has become an urgent question. The state of the research and also various open questions from a central European point of view will be discussed in the context of international collaboration. Apart from academic considerations, those who involve themselves in this issue take a predominantly positive view of the numerous existing green roofs in Germany. In some cities, green roofs are the typical construction technique for new buildings. A few outstanding examples will conclude this review. In Germany, about 20 companies, some of which operate internationally, specialize in green roof consulting. Learning from each other in an open-ended way with respect to different construction techniques and applications in various climatic regions can only be accomplished through such international collaboration as is taking place here.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.710-716
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• 2013

New and renewable energy sources have drawn attention because of climate change. Many studies have been carried out in waste-to-energy field. Fast pyrolysis of waste lignocelluosic biomass is one of the waste-to-energy technologies. Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) reactor is widely used for fast pyrolysis of the biomass. In BFB pyrolyzer, bubble behavior influences on the chemical reaction. Accordingly, in the present study, hydrodynamic characteristics and fast pyrolysis reaction of waste lignocellulosic biomass occurring in a BFB pyrolyzer are scrutinized. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the fast pyrolysis reactor is carried out by using Eulerian-Granular approach. And two-stage semi-global kinetics is applied for modeling the fast pyrolysis reaction of waste lignocellulosic biomass. To summarize, generation and ascendant motion of bubbles in the bed affect particle behavior. Thus biomass particles are well mixed with hot sand and consequent rapid heat transfer occurs from sand to biomass particles. As a result, primary reaction is observed throughout the bed. And reaction rate of tar formation is the highest. Consequently, tar accounts for 66wt.% of the product gas. However, secondary reaction occurs mostly in the freeboard. Therefore, it is considered that bubble behavior and particle motions hardly influences on the secondary reaction.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.57-63
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• 2012

This study was carried our to examine the genetic relationship of 13 commercial turfgrass cultivars using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA to provide genetic informations more efficient golf course management. Analysis of 56 random hexamer primers generated 13 to 54 polymorphic bands among the 13 cultivars with an average of 30.7 bands per primer. The results of cluster analysis based on RAPDs revealed that three major variety groups: Group I - 'Shadow II', 'Aurora Gold', 'Little Bighorn Blue', 'PennA-1', and 'PennA-4'; Group II - 'Midnight II', 'Prosperity', 'Moon light SLT', 'Bright star SLT', and 'Silver dollar'; and Group III - 'Olympic Gold', 'Silver Star', and 'Tar Heel II'. The genetic similarity coefficients among 13 turfgrass cultivars ranged from 0.039 to 1.0 with highest coefficient in Group III. Studies on morphological characters and the effective molecular markers such as sequence characterized amplified regions are further needed to identify relationships and genetic diversities within species and among species.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.257-261
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• 2005

The microbial cellulose is in a form of three dimensional net structures that consists of 20~50 nm fibrils. It possesses high crystallinity and orientation. It is difficult to synthesize large amount of fibrous carbon nanomaterials by the carbonization process using raw materials such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), regenerated cellulose (Rayon) and pitch. However, it seems possible thru the application of microbial cellulose as raw material. The application of such cellulose can be further extended to the synthesis of highly oriented graphite fiber. Out of three different cellulose-producing strains, G. xylinus ATCC11142 was chosen as it has the highest productivity (0.066 g dried cellulose/15 mL medium). Tar is often produced during the carbonization of cellulose that limits the formation fibrous structure of the carbonized sample. In order to solve such a problem, pre-studied purification methods of carbon nanotube such as liquid phase oxidation, gas phase oxidation and filtration associated with ultrasonication were applied at the carbonized cellulose. In that case. only by filtration associated with ultrasonication, improved the formation of fiber structure of the carbonized cellulose.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

Three different species of green and air-dried Korean bamboos were carbonized by using three different types of kilns designated as special (800~1000℃), improved (600~700℃) and simple kiln (400~500℃), and the bamboo vinegars obtained from the carbonization processes were characterized. In the case of the special kiln, most of the bamboo vinegars obtained at the first recovery stage showed high values of specific gravity and also in content of organic acid and water-soluble tar. The bamboo vinegars obtained from the improved kiln showed various physical properties depending on their species. In the case of simple kiln, the bamboo vinegars obtained from air-dried bamboos and at temperatures below 80℃, showed a higher specific gravity and more water-soluble tar as well as total organic components than those obtained at 80~150℃. A good linear relationship (correlation coefficient of ca. 0.90) was obtained between the specific gravities and the sum of organic acids and water-soluble tars. Therefore, this correlation coefficient might be a good index to determine the quality of bamboo vinegars. The major chemical constituents of the bamboo vinegars were acetic acid and considerable amounts of phenols: guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol, syringol, and methyl syringol.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.989-996
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• 2022

Some flowers have high sensual appealability due to their unique shapes, colors, smells, and tastes. Such edible flowers receive social attention as a noble ingredient of functional teas. In this study, methanol extracts of 23 commercial flower teas (CFTs) were prepared, and their color differences were compared. No tar color pigments were detected in the 23 CFT. The average content of total polyphenol of the 23 CFTs was 80.2±50.92 mg/g and the extracts of jin-dal-rae (Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz), mae-hwa (Prunus mume), mae-mil (Fagopyrum esculentum), mok-ryun (Magnolia kobus), and sal-gu (Prunus armeniaca var. ansu Maxim) flowers showed total polyphenol contents greater than 150 mg/g. The average content of total sugar of the 23 CFTs was 187.4±166.5 mg/g and the extracts of chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), kuk-hwa (Chrysanthemum morifolium), dong-baek (Camellia japonica L.), and won-chu-ri (Hemerocallis fulva) flowers showed total sugar contents greater than 400 mg/g. Among the 23 CFTs, the extract of jang-mi (Rosa hybrida hortorum) flower has prominent anti-thrombosis activity, and the extracts of dal-ma-ji (Oenothera lamarckiana), dong-baek, hibiscus (Hibiscus syriacus), and mae-mil flowers showed strong inhibitions against thrombin and blood coagulation factors. Also, the extracts of jang-mi, kum-jan-hwa (Tagetes erecta L.), mae-mil, mok-ryun dong-baek, and jin-dal-rae flower showed strong radical scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, and nitrite and reducing power. Our results suggest that the flowers of jang-mi, mae-mil, and dong-baek can be developed as promising anti-thrombosis treatments.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.407-413
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• 2006

The liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), mixture of propane and butane, has the potential to reduce toxic hydrocarbon emissions and inhibit ozone formation due to its chemical composition. Conventional mixer systems, however, have problems in meeting the future lower emission standards because of the difficulty in controlling air-fuel ratio precisely according to mileage tar accumulation. Liquid Phase LPG injection(LPLi) system has several advantages in more precise fuel metering and higher engine performance than those of the conventional mixer type. On the other hands, leakage problem of LPLi system at the injector tip is a main obstacle for meeting more stringent future emission regulations because these phenomena might cause excessive amount of THC emission during cold and hot restart phase. The main focus of this paper is the development of a leaked fuel recirculation system, which can eliminate the leaked fuel at the intake system with the activated carbon canister. Leaked fuel level was evaluated by using a fast response THC analyzer and gas chromatography. The result shows that THC concentration during cold and hot restart stage decreases by over 60%, and recirculation system is an effective method to meet the SULEV standard of the LPLi engine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.477-481
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• 1998

Colored components in black tea were extracted, freeze-dried, and analysed to investigate the possibility using as a natural dye. Fractionation of the colored components was carried out by gel permeation chromatography. The colored components in black tea were elected into seven fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by UV spectrophotometer. The early fluted fractions 1-4 did not show any absorption peaks in 320-700 nm and showed the increase in absorption as it approaches to short wavelength and are considered as highly polymerized colored substances. Fractions 5-6 showed tar at 350 m and are considered as thearubigins. Fraction 7 showed absorption peaks at 376 nm and 456 nm and is considered as theaflavin. IR spectra of each fraction show: Strong C=0 stretching band at 1650 cm-1 appears in fractions 1-4, but not in fractions 5-7. Strong C=0 stretching band at 1700 cm-L appears in fraction 3-7. C=0 stretching band at 1610 cm-1 appears as a shoulder in fraction 4 and progressively changes into strong peak in fraction 5-7. From these results, it is assumed that colored components in black tea consist of polyphenolic substances having different molecular weight which were formed during tea manufacturing process. The colorants from black tea infusion were applied to silk, wool, cotton and nylon fabrics. Black tea colorants showed high affinity to wool, silk and nylon, but very low affinity to cotton fabrics.