• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.953-960
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• 2009

The natural dyeing of fabrics with myrobalan extract was investigated. After dyeing of silk, cotton and rayon with myrobalan extract, the dyeability of myrobalan extract was evaluated with the conditions of concentration, temperature, time, repeat-numbers, pH, mordants variables, the changes of dyeability and surface colors by methods of mordanting and color fastness. The wavelength of maximum absorption of the colored solution from myrobalan extract appeared at 272 nm. Therefore, the substance of myrobalan extract was verified as tannin dyes. The optimum dyeing of fabrics was carried out at 30%(o.w.f) dye concentration. Silk fabrics dyed with myrobalan extract showed the highest K/S value at the temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ when it was dyed for seventy minutes, while cotton and rayon fabrics showed the highest K/S value at the temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ when they were dyed for seventy minutes and thirty minutes, respectively. Dyeing operation was carried out in acidic dyebath of pH 3. The K/S value of silk fabric was higher in pre-mordant stage than in post-mordant, while the K/S values of cotton and rayon fabrics were higher in post-mordant stage. The surface colors of dyed fabrics were different according to used mordants: Al and Cu mordanted fabrics were dyed in yellowish colors, while Fe mordanted fabric was dyed in khaki-black color. Light-fastness of the color fastness was improved in Fe-mordant. Washing-fastness was relatively good, and dry cleaning-fastness of dyed fabrics was excellent.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

Dyeing properties of cotton and ramie fabrics with pine needles colorants were studied by investigating the analysis of pine needles colorants, the effect of dyeing conditions (such as dye concentration, dyeing temperatures and times on dye uptakes), effect of mordants, and color change. The various colorfastness of dyed fabrics were evaluated for practical use; in addition, the antimicrobial ability, ultraviolet-cut ability, and deodorant ability were estimated. In the UV-Visible spectrum, the wavelength of the maximum absorption for pine needles extract was 285nm, and pine needles colorants produced a yellow color. From FT-IR and GC-MS results, it was assumed that chromophoric substance from pine needles extracts were mixed with flavonol tannin and flavanol tannin. An increased dyeing concentration resulted in a larger dye uptake and a Freundlich absorption isotherm was obtained. A larger dye uptake occurred as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Post-mordanting was more effective than pre-mordanting and the dye uptake of fabrics improved by mordanting. The colorfastness of dyed fabrics showed a low rating; however, colorfastness to washing and dry cleaning of cotton fabrics mordanted with N.Cu, and friction fastness of ramie fabric mordanted with Cu improved. The dyed fabrics showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9%. In addition, the ultraviolet-cut ability and deodorant ability improved in fabrics dyed with pine needles extracts.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 1976

경북지방(慶北地方)에서 생산(生産)되는 청도반시와 사곡시의 탈삽조건(脫澁條件)을 구명(究明)하고 탈삽중(脫澁中) 전당(全糖), 환원당(還元糖) 및 경도변화(硬度變化)를 조사(詞査)한 과과(果果)과는 다음과 같다. 1) 탈삽경과중(脫澁經過中) tannin변화(變化)는 탄산(炭酸)가스농도(濃度)가 높을수록 감소(減少)가 급격(急激)히 일어났으며 낮을수록 완만하였다. 2) 산소농도(酸素濃度)가 탈삽(脫澁)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 있어서, 청도반시는 탄산(炭酸)가스농도(濃度)가 높을 때는 큰 영향(影響)이 없었으며 저농도(低濃度)일 때는 영향이 있었는데 특(特)히 사곡시에서는 현저(顯著)한 영향이 있었다. 3) 청도반시 및 사곡시의 탈삽(脫澁)에 있어서 적정(適正)가스농도(濃度)는 탄산(炭酸)가스 $60{\sim}70%$, 산소(酸素) $6{\sim}8%$이었으며 탈삽(脫澁) 소요일수(所要日數)가 청도반시 3일 사곡시는 4일이 소요(所要)되었다. 4) 탈삽경과중(脫澁經過中) 전당(全糖)의 변화(變化)는 두 품종(品種) 모두 탄산(炭酸)가스 농도(濃度)에 관계(關係)없이 완만(緩慢)히 감소(減少)하였으며, 산소농도별(酸素濃度別)로는 산소농도(酸素濃度)가 낮을수록 감소(減少)가 심하였다. 5) 탈삽경과중(脫澁經過中) 환원당(還元糖)의 변화(變化)는 품종(品種)에 관계(關係)없이 증가(增加)하였으며 탄산(炭酸)가스농도(濃度)가 높을수록 증가(增加)되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.687-693
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• 2017

본 연구는 제주조릿대 잎의 열수추출물과 에탄올추출물을 이용하여 항산화 효능과 세포독성에 의한 세포 생존율을 분석하였다. 제주조릿대 잎은 $95^{\circ}C$ 물과 70% 에탄올 용액으로 각각 추출하여 사용하였으며, 총 polyphenol함량, 총 tannin함량, 총 flavonoid 함량을 확인한 결과 총 polyphenol함량은 $95^{\circ}C$ 열수 추출물에서 26.6mg/g, 70% 에탄올추출물에서는 22.3mg/g으로 $95^{\circ}C$ 열수 추출물에서 더 높게 나왔으며, tannin함량 역시 $95^{\circ}C$ 열수 추출물 72.1mg/g, 70% 에탄올추출물에서 61.2mg/g로 $95^{\circ}C$ 열수 추출물이 더 높게 나왔다. 총 flavonoid 함량은 $95^{\circ}C$ 열수 추출물(17.8mg/g)보다 70% 에탄올추출물(25.4mg/g)에서 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 DPPH radical 소거능, ABTS radical 소거능을 측정한 결과 모두 각 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 증가하였으며, DPPH radical 소거능에서 L-ascorbic acid는 500ppm에서 최대 소거율을 보인 후 농도가 증가함에도 더 이상의 변화는 나타나지 않았으나 제주조릿대 잎 추출물에서는 농도에 따른 증가를 볼 수가 있었다. ABTS radical 소거능에서 역시 유사한 현상을 나타냈으나 BHT와 같은 경우는 500ppm에서 최대 소거율을 보인 후 농도가 증가함에 따라 점점 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 제주조릿대 잎 추출물에서는 농도 의존적으로 증가하여 10000ppm의 농도에서는 90%이상의 소거율을 보였으며, $95^{\circ}C$ 열수 추출물에서 약간 더 증가함을 알 수 있였다. 그리고, 인간 섬유아세포주인 3T3(human skin fibroblast)를 이용하여 제주 조릿대 잎의 세포생존율 확인한 결과 $95^{\circ}C$ 열수 추출물은 세포생존율이 85.6~66.6%로 다소 낮아지는 반면 70% 에탄올추출물에서는 95.4~92.1%로 생존율이 더 높게 나타났다. 따라서 제주조릿대 잎 추출물은 향장소재 뿐만 아니라 천연 항산화제로서의 가능성이 있다고 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.880-886
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• 2007

Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-products (GTB) were evaluated in goats for their nutritive potential as protein feedstuffs based on in vitro and in vivo digestibility. To elucidate the effects of tea tannin on in vitro digestibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a tannin binding agent. Both ensiled and dried GTB contained 31.9 to 32.6% of crude protein (CP) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Phenolics and tannins in soybean meal and alfalfa hay were low or not detected, but they were high in both ensiled and dried GTB (7.3-10.1% DM as total extractable tannins). In vitro protein digestibility in the rumen ranked: soybean meal>alfalfa hay cube>ensiled GTB = dried GTB. The protein digestibility post-ruminally of these feedstuffs showed a similar trend to that in the rumen, but the digestibility of ensiled GTB was significantly higher than that of dried GTB. Addition of PEG improved the in vitro protein digestibility of both kinds of GTB in the rumen and post-ruminally, indicating that tannins suppressed the potential protein digestibility of GTB. The increased protein digestibility by PEG addition was not significantly different between ensiled and dried GTB in the rumen, but the percentage increment of ensiled GTB was higher than dried GTB post-ruminally. In the in vivo digestibility trial, ensiled and dried GTB were offered to goats as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes. Offering both GTB to goats as 5-10% on a DM basis did not affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentration. However, the eating time of the GTB-incorporated diet was longer than that of the basal diet. It took 1.4 and 1.6 times longer than the control diet, to eat the diet completely when GTB silage was offered at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, of the total diet. These results show that ensiled and dried GTB are useful as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes for goats with respect to nutritive value. Because of lessened palatability, it is recommended that GTB be incorporated into the diet at 5% on a DM basis.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 1996

This study was carried out for the purpose of improving the persimmon vinegar. Crushed persimmon(persimmon pulp) was used at alcohol fermentation using Saccharomyces bayanus for persimmon alcohol medium preparation. Glucose(8.39%) and fructose(7.96%) were the dominant free sugar in persimmon pulp before the at cohol fermentation. They decreased abruptly during alcohol fermentation and glucose was consumed more rapidly than fructose. Final alcohol concentration was finally reached to 8%(v/v) in 5 days for mentation of persimmon pulp. Pectinase pre-treatment of persimmon pulp resulted in tusker contents of galacturonic acid, galactose, methyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol in main mash for alcohol fermentation than those in main mash prepared without pectinase pre-treatment. After alcohol fermentation tannin concentration was 350ppm and astringency was not perceived.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.282-287
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• 1993

에탄올의 농도를 달리하여 계피로부터 계피추출액을 얻고 이의 물리화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 계피를 $80^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 동안 추출하였을 때 $60{\sim}90%$ 에탄올 추출액에서 cinnamic acid, cinnamic aldehyde, eugenol 함량과 항산화활성도가 높았다. 유리당, 탄닌, 갈색도와 고형분 함량은 70% 에탄올 추출에서 높은 것으로 나타났고 총아미노산과 무기염류는 에탄올 농도가 낮을수록 증가하는 경향이었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.380-385
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• 1999

CA저장에 적합한 떫은감 품종을 선발하기 위해 청도반시, 사곡시, 고종시, 봉옥시 4품종을 공시하여 $CO_2$농도를 12, 16%로 하였으며 $O_2$농도는 같이 3%로 하여서 약 160일간 저장하여 품질변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가용성 고형분 함량은 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 거의 변화가 없거나 감소하였으며, 청도반시, 사곡시, 고종시는 $CO_2$12%, $CO_2$16% 모두 일반 저온저장고와 비슷한 수준이었으나, 봉옥시는 고농도의 $CO_2$로 가용성 고형분의 감소가 현저하였다. 경도변화에서 청도반시, 사곡시 및 고종시는 고농도의 $CO_2$에 의한 CA저장에서 일반 저온저장보다 경도 유지가 좋았고 봉옥시는 CA저장과 일반 저온저장간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 장기저장시 청도반시의 중량감소가 가장 적었고, 고종시의 중량감소가 가장 컸다. 장기저장에 따른 부패과 발생은 $CO_2$농도가 높을수록 억제효과가 높았으며 청도반시, 사곡시에서 발생율이 현저히 낮아서 CA효과가 있는 것으로 보였다. 색도변화에서 CA저장으로 Hunter값이 약간 증가하거나 비슷한 수준이었다. 청도반시, 사곡시, 고종시는 일반 저온저장, CA저장에서 저장기간이 오래 경과해도 tannin 지수가 높아서 추후 탈삽처리가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 봉옥시는 고농도 $CO_2$로 탈삽이 진행되었으나 과육이 검게 변하는 갈변화 현상을 보였다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.699-707
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• 2010

Catechu is widely used as in natural dyeing as well as in various medicines and tannage. This study investigated the dyeing properties and functionality of Catechu through a series of dyeing experiments using cotton fabric. It was shown that the absorbance of Catechu solution has two peaks at 220nm and 280nm. Thus, it can be concluded that the color constituent of Catechu is a catechol tannin and color tone is YR. The dyeability of Catechu increases as the concentration of the dye is increased. Its variation was shown to be similar to the isothermal absorption curve of the Freundlich. As dyeing time was increases, the dyeability did not change significantly after the 30 minute mark was passed. At high temperatures the dyeability was shown to increase. As the dyeing temperature was increased the color of dyeing fabrics changes from Y and YR to R. Experiments with pre-mordanting method showed that various colors can be obtained using Catechu. Cotton is effective in using K, Cu, Fe mordants, and the dyeability was shown to be improved with low pH. Both washing fastness and light fastness were shown to be low. However, the fabric color gradually changed to red was due to mailard reaction of catechol tannin causing by repeated washing and sunlight. The ultraviolet-cut ability was improved for cotton fabric dyed with Catechu. Also, dyed fabric with Catechu showed very good antimicrobial abilities at 99.9%.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.290-295
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• 2014

The triterpenoids contained in four Rubus species (Rosaceae) were quantitatively analyzed using HPLC to select plants with large quantities of niga-ichigoside $F_1$. Unripe fruits, ripe fruits, and leaves were extracted to estimate the quantity of niga-ichigoside $F_1$, together with Rubus-specific $19{\alpha}$-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids, euscaphic acid, tormentic acid, and kaji-ichigoside $F_1$, and a dimeric triterpenoid coreanoside $F_1$. Niga-ichigoside $F_1$ was most abundant in the leaves of R. crataegifolius (23.4 mg/g dry weight). The amount of triterpenoid in the black, ripe fruits of R. coreanus was lower than the unripe fruits of the same plant. On the other hand, the ripe fruits of three plants, R. crataegifolius, R. parvifolius and R. pungens var. oldhami, which are reddish, contained higher or similar level of triterpenoids than their unripe fruits. In addition, the concentration of niga-ichigoside $F_1$ in the ripe fruit of R. crataegifolius was 20.5 mg/g, suggesting that the fruits could be used as a functional food. Methyl gallate and ellagic acid were used as quantitative indices of total tannin. Methyl gallate levels were higher in ripe fruits than unripe fruits in R. crataegifolius, R. pungens var. oldhami, and R. parvifolius. In R. crataegifolius, the quantity of methyl gallate was 30.5 mg/g in ripe fruit, but 1.19 mg/g in unripe fruit.