• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2006

Research was initiated to investigate vegetation coverage and growth of main herbaceous flowers under low maintenance condition like a wild state. Eleven entries were comprised of 1 annual, 2 biennials and 8 perennials from widely used herbaceous flowers in Korea. Vegetation coverage and germination rate were high on annual and biennials when compared to perennials. Callistephus chinensis showed high vegetation coverage but lasted only for a year in 2001 and disappeared in 2002 as an annual. Oenothera odorata and Oenothera lamarckiana were also high vegetation coverage species with persistent only for two years as biennials. Therefore, these species should not be used in a large amount for ecological restoration when mixed with perennials because of affecting the vegetation coverage of perennials. There were considerable variations in vegetation coverage with perennial herbaceous flowers : Lotus corniculatus and Taraxacum platycarpum-high vegetation coverage species, Platycodon grandiflorum, Aster tataricus and Aster koraiensis-medium vegetation coverage species, and Aster yomena, Patrinia scabiosaefolia and Chrysanthemum indicum-low vegetation coverage species. Growth types of herbaceous flowers tested in this research were divided into 4 types : Callistephus chinensis, Oenothera lamarckiana and Aster koraiensis-wide leaf and tall type, Aster tataricus, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Oenothera odorata, Taraxacum platycarpum, and Aster yomena-medium leaf and medium tall type, Platycodon grandiflorum-fine leaf and dwarf type, and Lotus corniculatus-fine leaf and tall type.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.spc
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• pp.66-73
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• 2014

In order to determine whether vegetation would be one of the factors for the selection of otter home range, vegetation structure and other potential factors were studied in Hwacheon, Korea. Thirteen sites, otter's activity found and not found, were investigated in North Han River and connected tributary streams of Hwacheon-gun. Three types of vegetation were classified by cluster analysis, which is short grass, tall grass and shrub type. Vegetation zone of each channel is composed of either one type, or mosaic of tall grass and shrub type. Short grass type is common in Lake Paro and upper North Han-river where water level is highly variable throughout a year. Therefore, annual species such as Persicaria nodosa, Fimbristylis dichotomam and Chenopodium ficifolium are the most dominant. Shrub type is common at the downstream sites of Jichon stream and along mainstream of North Han River down Lake Paro. A shrub species, Salix koreensis, is the most common. Tall grass type is dominant occupying the most vegetation zone of the tributary channels. Phragmites japonica is absolutely dominant. Due to its dense cover, a few plant species are co-existed. Otter activity was found in all three vegetation types and no marked activity was found at some sites of tall grass type. There is no difference in species composition and physiognomy between tall grass sites with and without otter activity, while it shows significant difference in fish availability between two groups. Overall we found that home range of otters in the region is along the mainstream and downstream of tributary streams with high fish availability in all vegetation types and in various human activity levels.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.199-205
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• 2023

Pasture formation and management are crucial to avoid yield reduction. This experiment aimed to examine the effects of tall fescue-centered mixed-seeding combinations on yield and vegetation changes in perennial pastures in the central region for two years, from September 2020 to October 2022. The treatments were arranged in three replications in a randomized block design: control (C), tall fescue-based mixture-1 (T-1), and tall fescue-based mixture-2 (T-2). The tall fescue (TF), orchard grass (OG), perennial ryegrass (PRG), Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), and white clover (WC) were used. The emergency rate of grasses (70.0 to 73.3%) did not differ among mixed seeding combinations. Overwintering rates (81.7 to 83.3%) were similar among treatments. The plant height of grasses was similar at each harvest date, with the highest height (86.2 cm) recorded in the second harvest of the first year, followed by that (58.4 cm) in the third harvest of the first year; it was least (38.9 cm) in the fourth harvest of the second year. There was no significant difference in the dry matter yield of grasses among the mixed seeding combination treatments in the first, third, or fourth harvests of the first year (p>0.05). For second-year grasses, dry matter yield was not significantly different in harvest date among the treatments (p>0.05). Based on mixed seeding ratio, orchard grass showed the highest yield at 70% in the C treatment, followed by tall fescue at 80% and 60% in the T-1 and T-2 treatments, respectively, in the first harvest after seeding. There was no significant difference in feed value between treatments (p>0.05), but a significant difference was observed between the third and fourth harvest (p<0.05). Therefore, it indicated that it is important to create perennial pastures in the central region through mixed seeding combinations centered on tall fescue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.514-520
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• 2006

An abandoned mandarin orange orchard in southwestern Japan was set-stocked by Japanese Black cows at two stocking rates (1.0 and 2.0 animals/ha), and vegetation dynamics and diet selection by cattle were monitored for two years, in an effort to obtain information on effective use of abandoned agricultural fields for low-cost animal production and environmental conservation. Two dominant species at the commencement of grazing, kudzu (Pueraria lobata Ohwi) and tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima L.), showed different responses to grazing during the two years; the composition of kudzu decreased, contrasting with that of tall goldenrod which increased at both stocking rates. This was caused by high preference for kudzu and avoidance or low preference for tall goldenrod by cattle. Retrogression of vegetation due to cattle disturbances occurred at both stocking rates, with the high stocking rate leading to a lower degree of succession than the low stocking rate. It was shown that cattle grazing, particularly at a high stocking rate, was effective in the management of vegetation of an abandoned orchard.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2011

To classify the relationship between riparian vegetation type and bird habitat, we studied the vegetation and avian species in the three streams(Anyang Stream, Gap Stream, Seom River), located in middle province. Five different vegetation types - Woodland type, Shrub type, Tall and wet grassland type, Low and dry grassland type and Cropland - were identified. The habitats of avian species were highly correlated with vegetation type. Streptopelia orientalis and Hypsipetes amaurotis were found in woodland. Both Paradoxornis webbiana and Phoenicurus auroreus were mainly found in shrub. Tall and wet grassland were preference habitats of Ixobrychus sinensis, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, while, low and dry grassland were occupied by Phasianus colchicus, Falco tinnunculus. Cropland were used as breeding and feeding sites for Egretta alba modesta, Anas poecilorhyncha, Anthus spinoletta. Distribution patterns of avian species were clearly divided by vegetation type and site characteristics in the stream.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2014

Green roof's performance in reducing stormwater runoff has been reported by numerous studies. Nonetheless, the roles of low growing vegetation in influencing stormwater runoff reduction on green roofs have been greatly overlooked. This paper describes an experiment investigating the influence of low growing vegetation in the reduction of tropical stormwater runoff on extensive green roofs. Three types of locally occurring native vegetation and one non-native Sedum species were selected (fern, herb, grass and succulent) for the experiment. Stormwater runoff reduction performance from different low growing species was done by measuring excess water runoff from the simulated green roof modules. The results show significant differences in stormwater runoff reduction from different types of vegetation. Fern was the most effective in reducing stormwater runoff, followed by herb, Sedum and grass. Vegetative characters that are found to attribute towards the performance of stormwater runoff are rooting density, structure, density, leaf type, and vegetation biomass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.75-86
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• 2004

This study aims to figure out ecological characteristic of natural forests focusing on vegetation as a way of ecological renovation for the restoration of naturalness for golf courses that were constructed in the Country and to present vegetation models and appropriate tree species for the purpose. The study site is P golf club, which is located in Gapyong-gun, Kyeonggi Province. The site is within a forest where the grade from the natural ecology map is the first one and the level from the green index accounts for the eight, thus showing a typical environment for a golf course in terms of location. The location of the site explains a reason for restoration. The major substance of the study is to conduct ecological evaluation of vegetation structures around and inside the golf course and to present a vegetation model. In order to evaluate the ecological characteristics of the vegetation structures, the analysis of the study covered succession stages, multi-layer vegetation structures and species diversity. Plant communities that have high species diversity were selected for the vegetation model and proper density and species were proposed considering the number of species and individuals and distances between trees. The vegetation restoration model targets succession into an oak forest. Within a unit of 100 $m^2$, the recommended model include a tall-tree layer with 11 trees such as Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica, a sub-tall-tree layer with 12 trees including Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Acer pseudo sieboldianum, a shrub layer with 32 trees from 16 species, and a grass layer with a cover rate of 45 %. The proposed vegetation restoration model needs to apply to : 1) damaged natural forests by the construction of golf courses; 2) boundaries between golf courses and surrounding forests; 3) buffer zones; 4) open spaces in between courses; and 5) areas between greens and tees where open spaces are available in a mass. In conclusion, one of the most important factors in presenting a vegetation model for the restoration of naturalness in the golf course and other damaged forests is to provide multi-layer vegetation structures that are composed of native species. As for the specific application for the site, it is recommended to manage the vegetation in such a way that the environment of the site can have a similar environment to the surrounding forest which is expected to succeed into an oaks-dominant one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.64-72
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• 2004

The research was carried out to define the environmental characteristics and vegetation structure of the evergreen fern habitat in Jejudo. The growth conditions of evergreen fern in various habitats was surveyed, including topographical features, vegetation structure, air temperature, humidity, intensity of light, water content and organic matter content in the soil. In the direction of the native habitat, 70% of research area was located in the southeast-facing slopes, 30% was located in southern slopes. The gradient ranged from $0^{\circ}$ to $30^{\circ}$. Temperature ranged from $16^{\circ}C$ to $28^{\circ}C$, and $22.3^{\circ}C$ was the average. Humidity ranged from 20 to 68%, and 36% was the average. In the native habitat, the highest light intensities reached 60,000 to 80,0001ux, but in general ranged from 300 to 40001ux. Water content in the soil ranged from 32% to 59%, organic matter content ranged from 8 to 13%. Within a unit of 25$m^2$, there were tall-tree layer such as Quercus galuca and Castanopsis cuspidata with a covering of rate 40~80%, a sub-tall-tree layer such as Camellia japonica, Staphylea bumalda and Sambucus williamsii with the covering rate of 3~5%, a shrub layer with the covering rate of 5~20%, and a grass layer with the covering rate of 40~95%. This research provides the basic data about the native habitat environment of the evergreen fern plant. Continuous monitoring and accumulation of data is necessary for the use of evergreen fern as vegetation materials.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.131-147
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• 2019

On the urban scale, Micro-climate analysis models for urban scale have been developed to investigate the atmospheric characteristics in urban surface in detail and to predict the micro-climate change due to the changes in urban structure. BioCAS (Biometeorological Climate Impact Assessment System) is a system that combines such analysis models and has been implemented internally in the Korea Meteorological Administration. One of role in this system is the analysis of the health impact by heat waves in urban area. In this study, the vegetation cooling models A and B were developed and linked with BioCAS and evaluated by the temperature drop at the vegetation areas during ten selected heat-wave days. Smaller prediction errors were found as a result of applying the vegetation cooling models to the heat-wave days. In addition, it was found that the effects of the vegetation cooling models produced different results according to the distribution of vegetation area in land cover near each observation site - the improvement of the model performance on temperature analysis was different according to land use at each location. The model A was better fitted where the surrounding vegetation ratio was 50% or more, whereas the model B was better where the vegetation ratio was less than 50% (higher building and impervious areas). Through this study, it should be possible to select an appropriate vegetation cooling model according to its fraction coverage so that the temperature analysis around built-up areas would be improved.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.170-173
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• 2004

When the data from the artificial satellite is analyzed, recent years it is perceived to vegetation index using BRF(Bi-directional Reflectance Factor) of the observation target. To make the BRF models, it is important to measure the 3D structure of the observation target actually. In this study, it is proposed to the observation technique by using multi-angle stereo pair image, and shown the observation result in grassland area. Also, our team has been operating the radio controlled helicopter which can fly over the tall forest canopy and it can be equipped the measurement system.