• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.529-532
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• 2004

Cesium-133 NMR spectra of a single crystal of tetragonal $Cs^+ (15-crown-5)_2I^-$ were obtained as a function of crystal orientation in an applied magnetic field of 9.40T and analyzed to provide the magnitudes and orientations of the $^{133}Cs$ chemical shift and quadrupolar tensors for two magnetically nonequivalent and symmetry related sites. Chemical shift tensor components and parameters of quadrupolar interactions are obtained as ${\delta}_{11}=46(1),\;{\delta}_{22}=60(1),\;{\delta}_{33}=-30(1)$ ppm, quadrupole coupling constant QCC = 581(1) kHz, and asymmetry parameter ${\eta}$ = 0.481(1), respectively. The nonaxially symmetric NMR parameters imply that the local environment of the cesium nuclei is nonaxially symmetric. The DANTE experiment burned holes in the $^{133}Cs$ NMR line of the title compound. The hole burning of the single crystal and powder $^{133}Cs$ NMR lines showed that the NMR lines are not homogeneously broadened.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrated pig slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer on the growth and yield of chinese cabbage. The experiment was conducted in a rain-shelter house which was installed in the agriculture farm. Plants were fertilized with concentrated slurry (CS), byproduct fertilizer (BF), mixture of concentrated slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer (CS+BF), combined organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+BF) and chemical fertilizer (CF) as control. 1. The pH level of byproduct liquid was decreased from the 3rd to the 7th day and increased 9 day to 14th day, but pH of concentrated slurry (CS) was not greatly varied. EC of concentrated slurry (CS) and byproduct liquid was increased gradually during the fermentation. 2. The concentrated slurry (CS) was low in phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, rich in potassium and unbalanced as a low nitrogen and high potassium. But byproduct liquid fertilizer was balanced in nitrogen and potassium ratio. 3. The leaf number, head height, head width of chinese cabbage in treatment with organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) showed significant difference compared with control. The plant and head weight of chinese cabbage in treatment of concentrated slurry was severely decreased, but that in treatment organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) were increased 8, 10% compared with control chemical fertilizer (CF), respectively. 4. The content of $K_2O$ in plant tissue and in soil was increased after using concentrated slurry. On the other hand, mineral content of except $K_2O$ did not differ significantly between any of the treatments. In conclusion, organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) could improve growth and head weight of chinese cabbage.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2001

The quaternary thiophosphates, $A_2NiP_2S_6$ (A=Rb, Cs), have been synthesized with halide fluxes and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. These compounds crystallize in the space group $C_{2h}^5-P2_1/n$ of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a=5.960(2), b=12.323(4), $c=7.491(3)\AA$, $\beta=97.05(3)^{\circ}$, and $V=546.0(3)\AA^3$ for Rb2NiP2S6 and a=5.957(4), b=12.696(7), $c=7.679(4)\AA$, $b=93.60(5)^{\circ}$, and $V=579.7(5)\AA^3$ for $Cs_2NiP_2S_6.$ These compounds are isostructural. The structure of $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$ is made up of one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chains along the a axis and these chains are isolated by $Cs^+$ ions. The Ni atom is octahedrally coordinated by six S atoms. These Ni$S_6$ octahedral units are linked by sharing three m-S atoms of the $[P_2S_6^{4-}]$ anions to form the infinite one-dimensional $_\infty^1[NiP_2S_6^{2-}]$ chain. For $Cs_2NiP_2S_6$, the magnetic susceptibility reveals an antiferromagnetic exchange interaction below 8K,which corresponds to the Neel temperature ($T_N$). Above $T_N$, this compound obeys Curie-Weiss law. The magnetic moment, C, and ${\theta}forCs_2NiP_2S_6$ are 2.77 B.M., 0.9593 K, and -19.02 K, respectively. The effective magnetic moment obtained from the magnetic data is agreed with the spin-only value of $Ni^{2+}d^8$(2.83 B.M.) system.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.412-422
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• 2019

The present study reports the morphological and molecular characterization of the fungal strain, CMSS06 and evaluates its raw starch hydrolyzing ability in four different agricultural substrates (rice bran, banana peel, cassava tubers, and coconut water). The potential use of each agricultural substrate to replace the expensive fermentation media was evaluated with six different fermentation media: rice bran (RB), banana peel (BP), cassava starch (CS), cassava in coconut water (CSCW), cassava in modified coconut water (CMCW), and pure Coconut water (CW). The fungal strain CMSS06 was identified as Thielaviopsis ethacetica by the analysis of the ITS sequences. The T. ethacetica alpha amylase enzyme exhibited maximum alpha amylase activity at 72 h, pH 7.0, and $40^{\circ}C$ on soluble starch. This species resulted in the highest enzyme activity (mU/ml) of 26.06, 10.89, 58.82, 14.2, and 54.67 with the RB, BP, CS, CSCW, and CMCW fermentation media, respectively. The results indicate that CS can be used as a carbon substrate and CMCW can be used to accelerate the fermentation by T. ethacetica. The enzyme was partially purified by 40-60% ammonium sulphate fraction, and it showed total enzyme activity, total protein content, specific activity, purification fold, and a recovery of 2400 mU, 30 mg, 80 mU/mg, 2.7, and 71.1%, respectively. The molecular mass of the T. ethacetica alpha amylase was estimated on SDS-PAGE, and two bands around 50 kDa and 70 kDa were identified. The present study implies that T. ethacetica can produce alpha amylase, and it can be used to hydrolyze raw starch during the fermentation processes.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 2019

Purpose: We investigate biases in the assessments of left ventricular function (LVF), by compressed sensing (CS)-cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: Cardiovascular cine images with short axis view, were obtained for 8 volunteers without CS. LVFs were assessed with subsampled data, with compression factors (CF) of 2, 3, 4, and 8. A semi-automatic segmentation program was used, for the assessment. The assessments by 3 CS methods (ITSC, FOCUSS, and view sharing (VS)), were compared to those without CS. Bland-Altman analysis and paired t-test were used, for comparison. In addition, real-time CS-cine imaging was also performed, with CF of 2, 3, 4, and 8 for the same volunteers. Assessments of LVF were similarly made, for CS data. A fixed compensation technique is suggested, to reduce the bias. Results: The assessment of LVF by CS-cine, includes bias and random noise. Bias appeared much larger than random noise. Median of end-diastolic volume (EDV) with CS-cine (ITSC or FOCUSS) appeared -1.4% to -7.1% smaller, compared to that of standard cine, depending on CF from (2 to 8). End-systolic volume (ESV) appeared +1.6% to +14.3% larger, stroke volume (SV), -2.4% to -16.4% smaller, and ejection fraction (EF), -1.1% to -9.2% smaller, with P < 0.05. Bias was reduced from -5.6% to -1.8% for EF, by compensation applied to real-time CS-cine (CF = 8). Conclusion: Loss of temporal resolution by adopting missing data from nearby cardiac frames, causes an underestimation for EDV, and an overestimation for ESV, resulting in underestimations for SV and EF. The bias is not random. Thus it should be removed or reduced for better diagnosis. A fixed compensation is suggested, to reduce bias in the assessment of LVF.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

Water content of subgrade soil in water supply systems has a large effect on performance. Many researchers lately make use of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probes to measure the soil water content of subgrade soil from monitoring. The laboratory calibration test of TDR probe should be performed with soil field, because TDR probe can cause an error by type, gradation, density, and temperature of soil. This study shows the laboratory calibration test using TDR CS616, TDR-P3, TDR-T3. The calibration equations of TDR were then proposed. It was confirmed from the study that the data of TDR probe monitored in field could be used to estimate the freezing, unfrozen water content, and matric suction of soil.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.451-454
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• 2011

The traditional BCS superconductors $AOs_2O_6$ (A=K, Rb, and Cs) were investigated to find the relationship between their structures and superconducting transition temperatures. The $T_c$ decreases with increasing the unit cell parameter of $AOs_2O_6$. This is in contrast to the case of conventional BCS superconductivity in a single bond model, where $T_c$ may increase with increasing the the unit cell parameter since the DOS at Fermi level increases as the unit cell parameter increases. Instead, the $T_c$ of a $\beta$-pyrochlore oxide is proportional to the lattice softness of the compound.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.385-390
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• 1995

The analytical methods for the analysis of cyclosporine (CsA), a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and HPLC method, were compared in a pharmacokinetic study of two CsA soft capsule formultaions ($Sandimmun^{\circledR}$; Sandoz, $Implanta^{\circledR}$; Hanmi). Sixteen healthy volunteers completed the study and each subjected single doses ($4{\tiems}100$ mg) of the test and the reference formulations in a two-way crossover design with a one-week drug-free interval between doses. Following each administration, whole blood concentrations of CsA were monitored over a period of 24 hour by both FPIA and HPLC methods. Blood concentrations nad pharmacokinetic parameters determined by either analytical method showed large intersubject variation, with the FPIA data showing relatively higher magnitude of intersubjecte variation than the HPLC data. The blood concentrations determined by FPIA were 1.1-1.3 times higher than those determined by HPLC. There were strong and significant correlations between the two methods (r>0.83 : p<0.0001). Intersubuject variation for the $AUC_{inf}{\;}and{\;}AUC_{24hr}$ of the test formulation was slightly reduced without statistical significance (paried -t test : p>0.05 $t_{max}$ was earlier nad $C_{max}$ was slightly lower for the test formulation, $AUC_{24h}, {\;}C_{max}, {\;}T_{max}$ and MRT determined separately from the data obtained by the two methods for the two formulations were examined by analyses of variance (ANOVA) for the bioequivalency evaluation. Results of ANOVA and confidence limits of terst/reference ratios of $AUC_{24th}$, $C_{max}$, $t_{max}$ and MRT, and statistical tests indicated the bioequivalence of the two formulations (i.e., test/reference ratio was within $100{\times}20%$) except for $C_{max}$ and $t_{max}$. The mean of tmax also showed 11.1% and 9.3% differences but the detection limit were 29.2% and 29.6% as determined by FPIA and HPLC resepctively. This experiments suggest that the data yielded for the two formulations demonstrated that they were bioequivalent.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2017

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and atomic magnetic resonance (AMR) plays a fundamental role in achieving a high accuracy of magnetic field measurements. Magnetic field unit (T) was realized based on the shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio (${\gamma}^{\prime}_P$), helium-4 gyromagnetic ratio (${\gamma}_{4He}$) and related techniques. The magnetic field standard system has been disseminated by the NMR magnetometer and electromagnet, a Helmholtz coil system, and AMR magnetometer in the nonmagnetic laboratory. A magnetic field standard below 1 mT has been developed by using Cs and Cs- $^4He$ AMR with automatic compensation of an external magnetic field noise. The standards serve for the calibration of magnetometers and support the test of sensors and materials in the range from $5{\mu}T$ to 2.0 T with (1 to 50) ${\mu}T/T$ uncertainty (k=2).

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.138-156
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to a) measure the service quality attributes of foodservice type such as school foodservice, hospital foodservice and business & industry(B&I) foodservice, managed by contract management company(CMC), b) compare with service quality attributes by CMC scale, c) analyze overall customer satisfaction(CS) by the foodservice type and the CMC scale, and d) identify the effect of service quality attributes on an overall CS by the foodservice type and the CMC scale. The questionnaires were handed out to 6,620 customers of 207 school, 38 hospital, and 86 B&I foodservices in 108 CMCs. The statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS Win(ver 12.0) for descriptive analysis, t-test, reliability analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. From an analysis on service quality attributes, 'proper arrangement of table and chair at hall distribution(3.53)', 'operation of nutrition education(3.50)' were highly perceived to student, 'correctable serving(4.08)', 'serve at fixed distribution time(4.08)', 'kindness of serving employee(4.04)' were highly perceived to patient, 'employee's kindness(3.84)' were highly perceived to customer of B&I. In comparison of service quality attributes by CMC scale, most scores of large enterprise(LE) were significantly higher than small and medium sized enterprise(SME) in school foodservice, hospital foodservice and B&I foodservice. Overall CS levels were 3.53 out of a maximum 5 on B&I, 3.46 on school, and 3.44 on hospital and were evaluated differently CS score by CMC scale. Finally, regression results for the effects of service quality attributes on overall CS by each of foodservice type were identified significantly different service quality attributes by foodservice type such as school, hospital, B&I(p<.001) and by CMC scale. For considering the goal of enterprise on profit-making through CS and the needs of customer on CS at moment of truth(MOT), the findings should be applied to the CMC and the foodservice industry.