• Title/Summary/Keyword: t-(v.k.1)

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Antinociceptive Effect of Nicotine in Various Pain Models in the Mouse

  • Han Ki-Jung;Choi Seong-Soo;Lee Jin-Young;Lee Han-Kyu;Shim Eon-Jeong;Kwon Min Soo;Seo Young-Jun;Suh Hong-Won
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.209-215
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    • 2005
  • The antinociceptive effect of nicotine administered intracereboventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t) in several pain models was examined in the present study. We found that i.t. treatment with nicotine (from 5 to 20 g) dose-dependently blocked pain behavior revealed during the second phase, but not during the first phase in the formalin test. In addition, i.c.v. treatment with nicotine (from 0.1 to $10\;{\mu}g$) dose-dependently attenuated pain behavior revealed during both the first and second phases. In addition to the formalin test, nicotine administered i.c.v. or i.t. attenuated acetic acid-induced writhing response. Furthermore, i.c.v. or i.t. administration of nicotine did not cause licking, scratching and biting responses induced by substance P, glutamate, TNF-${\alpha}$(100 pg), IL-$1{\beta}$(100 pg) and INF-${\gamma}$ (100 pg) injectied i.t. The antinociception induced by supraspinally-administered nicotine appears to be more effective than that resulting from spinally administered nicotine. Our results suggest that nicotine administration induces antinociception by acting on the central nervous system and has differing antinociceptive profiles according to the various pain models.

AN ANALOGUE OF THE HILTON-MILNER THEOREM FOR WEAK COMPOSITIONS

  • Ku, Cheng Yeaw;Wong, Kok Bin
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.52 no.3
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    • pp.1007-1025
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    • 2015
  • Let $\mathbb{N}_0$ be the set of non-negative integers, and let P(n, l) denote the set of all weak compositions of n with l parts, i.e., $P(n,l)=\{(x_1,x_2,{\cdots},x_l){\in}\mathbb{N}^l_0\;:\;x_1+x_2+{\cdots}+x_l=n\}$. For any element $u=(u_1,u_2,{\cdots},u_l){\in}P(n,l)$, denote its ith-coordinate by u(i), i.e., $u(i)=u_i$. A family $A{\subseteq}P(n,l)$ is said to be t-intersecting if ${\mid}\{i:u(i)=v(i)\}{\mid}{\geq}t$ for all $u,v{\epsilon}A$. A family $A{\subseteq}P(n,l)$ is said to be trivially t-intersecting if there is a t-set T of $[l]=\{1,2,{\cdots},l\}$ and elements $y_s{\in}\mathbb{N}_0(s{\in}T)$ such that $A=\{u{\in}P(n,l):u(j)=yj\;for\;all\;j{\in}T\}$. We prove that given any positive integers l, t with $l{\geq}2t+3$, there exists a constant $n_0(l,t)$ depending only on l and t, such that for all $n{\geq}n_0(l,t)$, if $A{\subseteq}P(n,l)$ is non-trivially t-intersecting, then $${\mid}A{\mid}{\leq}(^{n+l-t-l}_{l-t-1})-(^{n-1}_{l-t-1})+t$$. Moreover, equality holds if and only if there is a t-set T of [l] such that $$A=\bigcup_{s{\in}[l]{\backslash}T}\;A_s{\cup}\{q_i:i{\in}T\}$$, where $$A_s=\{u{\in}P(n,l):u(j)=0\;for\;all\;j{\in}T\;and\;u(s)=0\}$$ and $$q_i{\in}P(n,l)\;with\;q_i(j)=0\;fo\;all\;j{\in}[l]{\backslash}\{i\}\;and\;q_i(i)=n$$.

A Study on the Adsorption Effect of Korean zeolite "Clinoptilolite" as Cigarette Cavity Filter Additive. (한국산 Zeolite의 필터첨가제로서의 흡착효과에 관하여)

  • Yang, Gwang-Gyu;Song, Chi-Hyeon;Kim, Chan-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.8-16
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    • 1980
  • The cavity of triple filter was filled with the mixture of clinoptilolite and charcoal(1:1, V/V). The particle size of clinoptilolite was 30$\pm$5 A.S.T.M mesh. The reduction effects of the important gaseous components by this mixture were obtained as follows: 1) In comparison with the normal cellulose acetate niter, the contents of nicotine and T.P.M. were reduced about 35% and 22% respectively. 2) Many aliphatic and cyclic compounds were also substantially reduced in an average of 60%. 3) In contrast with the charcoal, the removal efficiency of clinoptilolite was revealed as higher (15-20%) in case of aliphatic compounds than the one (10-15%) of cyclic compounds. The above results showed us that the removal function of gaseous components was quite complementary each other (charcoal and clinoptilolite).

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Change in Properties of (Ba1-xLax)Fe3+1-tFe4+tO3-y System Depending on Heat Treatment Conditions

  • Lee, Eun-Seok;Lee, Seo-Jin
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.311-315
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    • 2017
  • The perovskite system $(Ba^{2+}{_{1-x}}La^{3+}{_x})Fe^{3+}{_{1-t}}Fe^{4+}{_t}O_{3-y}$ (y = (1 - x --t)/2) having a composition of x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 showedean increase in $Fe^{4+}$ mole ratios with an increase in oxygen partial pressure ($N_2{\rightarrow}air{\rightarrow}O_2$), and with an increasefin s, the $Fe^{3+}$ quantity decreased and oxygen content (3-y value) increased. For each N sampls heat-treated in $N_2$ gas, a considerable weight gain, i.e.g a steadynincrease if oxygen content, was observed in the TGA data on the cooling process. The conductivity values at a constant temperature were in the order of $N_2$$O_2$; the respective log ${\sigma}$ values (${\Omega}^{-1}{\cdot}cm^{-1}$) at 323 K of the BL0 sample were -5.75 (BL0-N), -3.39 (BL0-A), and -0.53 (BL0-O). The mixed valencies of $Fe^{3+}$ and $Fe^{4+}$ ions in each sample were also confirmed by both the oxidation curve above 350 mV and the cathodic reduction curve below 200 mV from cyclic voltammetry.

Effect of Rosemary Essential Oil and Trichoderma koningiopsis T-403 VOCs on Pathogenic Fungi Responsible for Ginseng Root Rot Disease

  • Hussein, Khalid Abdallah;Lee, Young-Don;Joo, Jin Ho
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.30 no.7
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    • pp.1018-1026
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    • 2020
  • Rosemary essential oil was evaluated for antifungal potentiality against six major ginseng pathogens: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia nivalis, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum. The in vitro fungicidal effects of two commonly used fungicides, namely mancozeb and fenhexamid, and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Trichoderma koningiopsis T-403 on the mycelial growth were investigated. The results showed that rosemary essential oil is active against all of the pathogenic strains of ginseng root rot, whereas rosemary oil displayed high ability to inhibit the Sclerotinia spp. growth. The highest sensitivity was S. nivalis, with complete inhibition of growth at 0.1% v/v of rosemary oil, followed by Alternaria panax, which exhibited 100% inhibition at 0.3% v/v of the oil. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of rosemary oil ranged from 0.1 % to 0.5 % (v/v). Chemical analysis using GC-MS showed the presence of thirty-two constituents within rosemary oil from R. officinals L. Camphore type is the most frequent sesquiterpene in rosemary oil composition. Mancozeb and fenhexamid showed their highest inhibition effect (45% and 30%, respectively) against A. panax. T. koningiopsis T-403 showed its highest inhibition effect (84%) against C. destructans isolate. This study may expedite the application of antifungal natural substances from rosemary and Trichoderma in the prevention and control of phytopathogenic strains in ginseng root infections.

Fabrication Process and Power Generation Characteristics of Thermoelectric Thin Film Devices for Micro Energy Harvesting (미세 열에너지 하비스팅용 열전박막소자의 형성공정 및 발전특성)

  • Oh, Tae Sung
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.67-74
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    • 2018
  • Thermoelectric thin film devices of the in-plane configuration consisting of 8 pairs of n-type $Bi_2Te_3$ and p-type $Sb_2Te_3$ legs were processed on Si submounts by electrodeposition. The thermoelectric generation characteristics of the thin film devices were investigated with respect to the apparent temperature difference ${\Delta}T$ caused by LED lighting as well as the change of the leg thickness. When ${\Delta}T$ was 7.4 K, the open circuit voltages of 6.1 mV, 7.4 mV, and 11.8 mV and the maximum output powers of 6.6 nW, 12.8 nW, and 41.9 nW were measured for the devices with the thermoelectric legs of which thickness were $2.5{\mu}m$, $5{\mu}m$, and $10{\mu}m$, respectively.

ON THE SIGNED TOTAL DOMINATION NUMBER OF GENERALIZED PETERSEN GRAPHS P(n, 2)

  • Li, Wen-Sheng;Xing, Hua-Ming;Sohn, Moo Young
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.50 no.6
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    • pp.2021-2026
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    • 2013
  • Let G = (V,E) be a graph. A function $f:V{\rightarrow}\{-1,+1\}$ defined on the vertices of G is a signed total dominating function if the sum of its function values over any open neighborhood is at least one. The signed total domination number of G, ${\gamma}^s_t(G)$, is the minimum weight of a signed total dominating function of G. In this paper, we study the signed total domination number of generalized Petersen graphs P(n, 2) and prove that for any integer $n{\geq}6$, ${\gamma}^s_t(P(n,2))=2[\frac{n}{3}]+2t$, where $t{\equiv}n(mod\;3)$ and $0 {\leq}t{\leq}2$.

Fabrication of 1.2kV/120kA Reverse Switched-on Dynistor for Pulse power purpose (1.2kV/120kA급 펄스파워용 역점호 Dynistor 제작)

  • Kim, S.C.;Kim, E.D.;Park, J.M.;Kim, N.K.
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 2000.07c
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    • pp.1533-1535
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    • 2000
  • The design and fabrication technologies of pulse power reversely switched-on dynistor have been developed 1200V/120kA pulse power reversely switched-on dynistor device have been designed by analytically and numerically using commercial modeling S/W The important characteristics of reversely switched-on dynistors are breakover voltage $V_{BO}$, commutative peak voltage before steady state $V_m$, on-state voltage in steady state $V_o$, turn-off time $t_q$, dV/dt capability.

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Measurement of the coherence time of the light from a quasi-thermal source (준열광원의 결맞음시간 측정)

  • Kim, Hyun-Oh;Ha, Yang;Shin, Jong-Tae;Kim, Tae-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.341-347
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    • 1996
  • The photocount distribution from a quasi-thermal light source, a moving ground glass disk (surface roughness; 9 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) illuminated by a well-stabilized He-Ne laser, is measured by a photon counting system, and analyzed with theoretical calculations. The distribution approaches the Poisson distribution for the long coherence time ${\tau}_c$ compared to the measuring time T. The coherence time ${\tau}_c$ of the quasi-thermal source can be changed by controlling the velocity v of the motor driving the glass disk. By the comparison of experimental results and theory for the condition of T/ ${\tau}_c$ >>1, the coherence time ${\tau}_c$ of the quasi-thermal source is turned out to be in the range of 31.43 $mutextrm{s}$~2.48 $mutextrm{s}$ according to the circumferential velocity of the disk, and compared with the simple calculation of $\sigma$/v.

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