• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2008

Background: Although the prevalence of tuberculosis infections (PTBI) is one of the basic epidemiologic indices, no survey has been carried out since 1995 because the nation-wide tuberculosis prevalence survey was changed to a surveillance system. Subjects without a BCG scar are examined in a tuberculin survey. However, it is very difficult to select these subjects under high vaccination coverage. It is important to evaluate the impact of BCG vaccinations on the tuberculin response and estimate the PTBI regardless of the BCG vaccination status. Methods: A nation-wide, school-based cross-sectional tuberculin survey was carried out among first graders in elementary school in 2006. A total of 5,148 children in 40 schools were selected by quota sampling. Tuberculin testing with 0.1 ml of two tuberculin units of PPD RT23 was carried out on 4,018 children. The maximum transverse diameter of induration was measured 48 to 72 hours later. The presence of a BCG scar was checked separately. Results: There were no BCG scars in 6.3% of the subjects. The mean induration size of tuberculin testing was $3.7{\pm}4.4mm$, which included 1,882 (46.8%) subjects with an induration size of 0 mm. The PTBI was 10.9% (439 subjects) using a cut-off point of ${\geq}10mm$ (conventional method). The annual risk of tuberculosis infections (ARTI) was 1.9% when the mean age of the subjects was assumed to be 6 years. There was no difference in the PTBI according to the presence or absence of a BCG scar [11.2% vs 7.6% (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.98~2.43)]. Using a mirror image technique with 16 mm as the cut-off point, the PTBI and ARTI had decreased to 2.4% and 0.4% respectively. Conclusion: PTBI and ARTI, as estimated by conventional methods, appear to be high among BCG vaccinated children. A mirror image technique is more suitable for estimating the indices in a country with an intermediate burden of tuberculosis than the conventional method.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.83-113
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• 2018

The purpose of this study to empirically examine a smart work investment and job performance by change resistance. Firstly, There investigates mediating role of the communication between the smart work investment and the job performance. Secondly, It will identify the job productivity differences through a level of organizational change resistance that reduced smart work investment. The smart work is to provide the flexibility of time and location and is a working method to improve a work productivity of organization members. The introduction of smart work means the adoption of new organizational culture, institution and technology and requires a novel change of a custom and pattern on existing organization culture and institution because of transformation form of communication and collaboration. The method of this study adopts a structural equation model to test a mediating effect of communication and a moderating effect of change resistance level. This model confirms whether smart work investments provide a positive impact on communication and organizational productivity. In addition, I will classify a change resistance level of smart work by cluster analysis and then check a critical path difference of job productivity between each group. As a result, The organizational IT, institution and culture on the smart work investment appeared to important influencers in communication and also had a direct influence of individual performance. Also, The three independent variables of smart work investment have an indirect influence of individual and organizational performance through communication mediating variables. However, the organizational IT and institution as independent variables do not provide direct influence of organization performance. Nevertheless, two independent variables of organizational IT and institution have an indirect influence the organization performance through communication mediating variables. As a result of confirming a productivity of three groups on organization resistance, there was a difference the individual and organizational performance among groups. The low-level group of organizational resistance showed high coefficient value of performance compared to other groups. The group analysis implications, The smart work investment appeared significantly to revise the institution first, build culture secondly and advanced technology lastly. The theoretical implication from this study contributes an extension of social science theory through socio-technical systems, institution, culture, change resistance and job performance based on smart work. The practical implications explain the smart work success in step-by-step investment rather than radical investment as level management of change resistance. In future research, the smart work performance between private and public firms will analyze a difference of the organizational culture, institution, technology and performance.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.23-44
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• 1988

The evaportranspiration of upland crops was measured by four types of lysimeter and water consumption characteristics together with the optimum irrigation point by the crops was defind. Among the evapotranspiration estimation formulas, the constant of wind function in the modified Penman equation was corrected to agree with the meteorological conditions of Korea. The evapotranspiration of the crops in the project standard year was estimated according to the cropping system of the project area in Chungju, and from the estimated evapotras - spiration, net duty of water per one time and irrigation in tervals were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The evapotranspiration of the same crop measured at the same plot was slightly different by the lysimetric methods, and among the four types of lysimeter, the accuracy of the floating lysimeter was the highest. 2. The yields among the watering treatments showed the significance of 5% in the expe- riment with red cabbage and Chinese cabbage, and significance of 1% in the crisphead lettuce, and the optimum irrigation point for the tested crops was defined ad pF 2.0 by the least squre difference test. 3. The evapotranspiration of the crops in the mid-season stage showed maximum among the growing stages, and the average daily evapotranspiration by the crops over the growing seasons of cabbage, crisphead lettuce, Chinese cabbage, summer cucumber, tornato, salary and autumn cucumber was 4.18mm, 4.77mm, 3.9qrnm, 5.68mnn, joonim, 4.26mm and 3.3qrnn, respectively. 4. From the investigated soil moisture extration pattern(SMEP) of the crisphead lettuce, cucumber and tomato, the proportion of the first layer in the initial stage showed over so%, and the SMEP of the lowest fourth layer during the late-season stage in the experiment cabbage and Chinese cabbage was 15.8% and 16.9, respectively, with showed that the root elongated th the lowest soil layer. 5. The total available moisture(TAM) of clay loam was 21.2-23.3mm and that of sandy loam was 16.1 - 19.0mm under the optimum irrigation point of pF. 2.0, and the total readily available moisture( TRAM) of the crops cultivated in the clay loam soil was larger than that cultivated in the sandy loam soil, and the TRAM during the mid-and late-season were larger than that of the inital and crop development stage. 6. The estimated evapotranspration by the corrected Pennam equation, whkh corrected the constant of the wind function in the modified Penman equation, was nearly agreed with the actually measured evaporanspiration of grass. 7. Among the several evaportranspiration estimation methods, the evapotranspiration es- timated by the corrected Pennam equation was closed to the actual evapotranspiration of reference crop (grass) evapotranspiration, therefore it is suggested to use the corrected Penman equation to determine the duty of water of corps. 8. The average crop coefficient (Kc) of cabbage by the corrected Penman equation was 0.94 and that of crisphead lettuce, summer cucumber, tomato, salary, Chinese cabbage and autumn cucumber was 1.07, 1.22, 1.02, 1.01, 1.35, 1.09, respectively 9. The estimated total evapotranspiration of cabbage in the project area( Chungju) by the corrected Penman equation was 223.9mm and that of crisphead lettuce, Chinese cabbage, summer cucumber, tomato, salary and auturun cucumber was 215.7mm, 205.9mm, 359.Omrn, 300.9mm, 332.lmm and 202.7mm, respectively. 10. The net duty of water per one time of the crops cultivated in the sandy loam soil, and the net duty of water per one time in the mid-season & late-season showed larger than that of the initial stage. 11. The shortest irrigation interval of cabbage in the project area was 4.2 days, and that of crisphead lettuce, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, tomato and salary was 1.2days, 2.3days, 1.8days, 2.2days and 2.7days, respectively.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.108-123
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the contribution of $^{18}$ F-FDG brain PET in the differentiating Idiopathic parkinson's diesease (IPD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). We studied 24 patients with parkinsonism : 8 patients (mean age 67.9$\pm$10.7 y: M/F : 3/5) with IPD, 9 patients (57.9$\pm$9.2 y : M/F : 4/5) with MSA and 7 patients (67.6$\pm$4.8 y : M/F 3/4) with PSP. All patients with parkinsonism and 22 age-matched normal controls underwent $^{18}$ F FDG PET in 3D mode after the injection of 370 MBq $^{118}$ F FDG. The patients with IPD, MSh and PSP were compared with a normal control group by a two-sided t-test of SPM99 (uncorrected P<0.001, extent threshold>100 voxel). All three parkinsonism groups, showed significant hypometabolism in the cerebral neocortex compared to the normal control group. However, the three groups displayed different metabolism in the subcortical structure, brain stem, and cerebellum. In IPD, there was no significant hypometabolism in the putamen, brain stem and cerebellum. However, MSA patients showed significant hypometabolism in the striatum, pons, and cerebellum compared to the normal controls and IPD patients. In addition, PSP showed significant hypometabolism in the caudate nuclei, the thalamus, midbrain, and the cingulate gyrus compared to the normal controls, the IPD, and MSA groups (IPD vs Normal sensitivity/specificity : 75%/l00%, MSA vs Normal sensitivity/specificity :100%/87%, PSP vs Normal sensitivity/specificity : 86%/94%). Our results show that the regional metabolism of IPD, MSA, and PSP is different mainly in the striatum, thalamus, brain stem and cerebellum. An assessment of the $^{18}$ F-FDG PET scan images using SPM may be a useful adjunct to a clinical examination in making a differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.890-898
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Tenebrio molitor. Macrophage cell response by outside stimulation leads expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), and trigger expression of genes which are affected by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in formation of inflammatory factors like nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2). Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. In order to investigate anti-inflammatory agents, the inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO in RAW 264.7 cells were examined. T. Molitor significantly decreased the production of NO in a dose-dependent manner, and also reduced the expression of iNOS, a COX-2 protein. As a result, the levels of protein such as $PGE_2$, iNOS, COX-2 and MARKs were significantly reduced compared to non-treated group in T. Molitor water extract (TDW) treated group. Also, antioxidant effect of T. Molitor were investigated using DPPH, ABTS+ and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity tests in cell-free system. Antioxidant activity of T. molitor was found low in the DPPH radical scavenging test while high in the ABTS+ and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity tests. These results show that TDW could be an effective anti-pro-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 2017

Cut Kimchi cabbages ($3{\times}3cm$) were dipped in the egg shell solution (0.5% egg shell calcium/0.5% citric acid solution) and stored in the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film bag at $4^{\circ}C$ for 2 weeks. Using this cut Kimchi cabbage, kimchi was prepared and their physicochemical qualities were investigated. Moreover, their sensory qualities were compared with Kimchi prepared with normal Kimchi cabbages. Egg shell calcium pretreatment (ET) showed the lower weight loss of cabbages than non-treatment (NT), and soluble solid compounds were decreased in all samples. Titratable acidity showed no statistical difference. After making a kimchi using cut Kimchi cabbages stored for 2 weeks no statistical differences in soluble solids and titratable acidities of kimchi stored for 7 days were shown. As a result of sensory test, preference of color was decreased and salted condition of control was the most significantly decreased. Pickled seafood odor of kimchi showed statistical difference, compared with the control. Crispness decreased in all samples. On the other hand, salty flavor and pickled seafood flavor were increased, fresh cabbage flavor, bitter flavor and carbonic flavor were decreased. Overall sensory quality of cut Kimchi cabbage (ETK) didn't show significant difference compare with kimchi prepared with normal cabbage (CON). It is possible to make kimchi with approvable sensory quality using cut Kimchi cabbage treated with egg shell calcium.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify the actual conditions of operation in school and investigate the perceptions of science teachers and students regarding the 7th elective-centered curriculum of high school science subjects. For this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted for the selected subjects including 127 high school science teachers and 763 high school students in their third year who had experienced the 7th elective-centered curriculum. As a result of the study, concerning the way to present the elective subjects of science, many cases were the alternative way and the group-elective way in humanity courses while natural science courses had the alternative way and the free-elective way in most cases. In other words, in many cases, the right of elective was given within a limited range. The result of the investigation on science teachers' perceptions on the elective-centered curriculum was that negative views dominated as a whole. Especially, earth science teachers showed the most negative attitudes. The number of biology and chemistry teachers who supported students' right to opt subjects were lower than that of physics teachers and earth science teachers who were against it. To help students make a right choice, many viewed that the system of the college Scholastic Ability Test should be complemented in order to prevent any disadvantage to each elective subject or that it was necessary to have systematic and realistic career education. As the result of investigating the perception of high school students in their third year regarding the elective-centered curriculum, they were usually not very satisfied with it. As the reason for it, many said the selection right was limited. Many others also expressed that there were lack of public relations and education on subjects and careers. Based on these results, limits still exist in accepting all demands although there are a lot of efforts made to smoothly adjust supply and demand of science teachers as well as students' electives in the field of school. It is considered necessary to come up with counterplan and complements to prevent basic science from being neglected or lower academic achievement in the subject of science from happening, and at the same time to harmoniously deal with supply and demand of science teachers as well as the issues of students' demands given the actual conditions of school.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.348-355
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• 2000

This paper described the relationship between the behavior of the Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio and the environmental noise level due to the dynamite explosion work. The experiment was conducted in the cage ($L10{\times}W4{\times}D4 m$) of aquaculture located at Chungjoo Lake, Chechon, in 1997. The fish trajectory was obtained by the telemetry system in which a pulsed ultrasonic pinger ($50 kHz, {\phi}16{\times}L70 mm$) attached to the fish was tracked three dimensionally, and the underwater noise levels were measured. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The underwater noise levels in the normal blasting measured at a distance of 400 m from the source of noise increased by $40 dB (re 1 {\mu}Pa)$ compared to the levels before explosion. The dominant frequency and the increased power spectrum level of the underwater noise by the explosion work were $75 to 100 Hz and 22.9 to 35.3 dB$, respectively. 2. The underwater noise levels in the test blasting measured at a distance of 350 m from the source of noise increased by average $49.5 dB (re 1 {\mu}Pa)$compared to the levels before explosion. 3. The swimming area of the fish was reduced with the time after explosion, and after more than one hour the fish represented the similar swimming area and behavior to the status of right before explosion. 4, The swimming depth layer of the fish was most of the case at the sea surface less than 1,0 m except during explosion or right after of it. But the fish swam downward when an external stimulus like the explosion noise was given to the fish. 5. The average swimming speeds of the fish before, during and after the works were about 1.2 times, 1.9 times and 1.0 times of the body length, respectively, and the speed of the fish with explosion was faster 1.6 times than the speed without of that. Consequently, the explosion noise levels measured by this study were sufficiently high to affect the fish, and the heavy shock by the explosion works could produce a considerable unfavorable effects to the fish.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.409-417
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of light irradiation over self-priming adhesive on dentin bonding. After acid etching the exposed dentin, a self-priming adhesive (Prime&Bond$^{\circledR}$NT dental adhesive system Dentsply DeTrey, GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) was applied and light irradiation was done for 20 sec with regular intensity (600 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in group I and for 3 sec with ultra-high intensity (1930 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in group III. No light irradiation was done over self-priming adhesive in groups II and IV. Composite resin was added on the self-priming adhesive and irradiated for 40 sec with regular intensity (600 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in groups I and II and for 3 sec with ultra-high intensity (1930 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in groups III and IV. To see the effect of light curing time on dentin bonding, another 3 group specimens were prepared. Without light-irradiation over self-priming adhesive, added composite resin was irradiated for 3, 6, or 12 sec with ultra-high intensity light. After bonded specimens were stored in 37$^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, shear bond strength were measured using a universal testing machine (4202, Instron, Instron Co., U.S.A.) and fractured surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope (SZ-PT Olympus, Japan). Statistical analysis were done with one-way, two-way ANOVA and chi-square test. The results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strengths from the groups irradiated over self-priming adhesive were significantly higher than those from the groups without irradiation (p<0.05). 2. There was no significant shear bond strength difference between regular intensity light irradiation groups and ultra-high intensity ones (p>0.05). 3. There was no significant shear bond strength difference among various irradiation time groups with ultra-high intensity ones (p>0.05). 4. In stereomicroscopic examination of fractured surfaces, adhesive-cohesive mixed failure mode was mostly seen in all groups, and there was no significant difference in failure mode among groups (p>0.05).

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2003

The structuring of Web information supports a strong user side viewpoint that a user wants his/her own needs on snooping a specific Web site. Not only the depth first algorithm or the breadth-first algorithm, but also the Web information is abstracted to a hierarchical structure. A prototype system is suggested in order to visualize and to represent a semantic significance. As a motivating example, the Web test site is suggested and analyzed with respect to several keywords. As a future research, the Web site model should be extended to the whole WWW and an accurate assessment function needs to be devised by which several suggested models should be evaluated.