• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.152-156
• /
• 2011

Viable bacteria on water-insoluble airborne particles were detected in the urban atmosphere of Kumamoto ($134^{\circ}45'E$, $32^{\circ}28'N$), Japan, in autumn 2008. Airborne particles were collected onto film-covered Cu meshes under clear weather conditions. The samples were stained by fluorescent stains, and then viewed and photographed with an epifluorescent microscope. Non-biological and bacterial parts in particles larger than 0.8 ${\mu}m$ were distinguished by their morphologies, fluorescent colors and fluorescent intensities. Bacterial viable statuses were discriminated according to cell membrane damage. In total, 2681 particles were investigated and it was found that 78 airborne particles were associated with bacteria. Viable bacteria were identified on 48 particles. A few particles carried multiple viable bacteria. These results provide the evidence that airborne particles act as carriers of viable bacteria in the atmosphere.

• Advances in Energy Research
• /
• 제4권4호
• /
• pp.255-274
• /
• 2016

This paper presents a novel symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm to optimize both real power loss (RPL) and voltage stability limit (VSL) of a transmission network by controlling the variables such as unified power flow controller (UPFC) location, UPFC series injected voltage magnitude and phase angle and transformer taps simultaneously. Mathematically, this issue can be formulated as nonlinear equality and inequality constrained multi objective, multi variable optimization problem with a fitness function integrating both RPL and VSL. The symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm is a nature inspired optimization method based on the biological interactions between the organisms in ecosystem. The advantage of SOS algorithm is that it requires a few control parameters compared to other meta-heuristic algorithms. The proposed SOS algorithm is applied for solving optimum control variables for both single objective and multi-objective optimization problems and tested on New England 39 bus test system. In the single objective optimization problem only RPL minimization is considered. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm have been compared with the results of the algorithms like interior point successive linear programming (IPSLP) and bacteria foraging algorithm (BFA) reported in the literature. The comparison results confirm the efficacy and superiority of the proposed method in optimizing both single and multi objective problems.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.132-139
• /
• 2015

In order to use the symbiotic bacteria from ethomophatogenic nematodes as a biological control agent for agriculture, the cultural condition for maintaining phase I and antifungal activity was investigated. Symbiotic bacteria (SB) 1 stain from nematodes were selected from the three strains isolated from entomopathogenic nematodes. The growth of the SB 1 strain in NB, TSB, TY and YS medium was higher than that of the SB 2 and SB 3 strain. The packed cell volume of the SB 1 strain was reduced in NB medium which showed radical pH change. Phase I of the SB 1 strain was maintained in TSB medium after being stored for 2 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$. Culture broth with the SB 1 strain in TSB medium for 6 days and 7 days showed antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani KACC 40142, Botrytis cinerea Pers. KACC 40854, and Botrytis cinerea Pers. KACC 41008. Culture broth with the SB 1 strain in TSB medium containing 100 mM L-proline for 5 days showed antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani KACC 40142, and Botrytis cinerea Pers. KACC 40854.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.86.4-87
• /
• 2017

Symbiotic stars are binary systems composed of a hot white dwarf and a mass losing giant. Many symbiotic stars are known to exhibit broad wings around Balmer emission line. We show high resolution spectra of S-type symbiotic stars, Z Andromedae and AG Draconis, obtained with the ESPaDOnS and the 3.6 m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, in which we find prominent broad wings around Balmer lines. We adopt Monte-Carlo technique to consider two types of wing formation mechanisms, which are Thomson scattering by free electron in H II region and Raman scattering by atomic hydrogen in H I region. We find that Thomson wings of $H{\alpha}$ and $H{\beta}$ have the same widths in the Doppler space due to the cross section independent of wavelength. In contrast, Raman $H{\alpha}$ wings are 3 times broader widths than $H{\beta}$ counterparts, which is attributed to the different cross sections and branching ratios. Our CFHT data show that $H{\alpha}$ wings of Z Andromedae and AG Draconis are broader than $H{\beta}$ wings, lending strong support to the Raman scattering origin of Balmer wings in these objects.

• 한국경영과학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.141-155
• /
• 2006

In this paper, we address an extended hub-and-spoke transportation network design problem (EHSNP). In the existing hub location problems, the location and number of spokes, and shipments on spokes are given as input data. These may, however, be viewed as the variables according to the areas which they cover. Also, the vehicle routing in each spoke needs to be considered to estimate the network cost more correctly. The EHSNP is a problem of finding the location of hubs and spokes, and pickup/delivery routes from each spoke, while minimizing the total related transportation cost in the network. The EHSNP is an integrated problem that consists of several interrelated sub-problems. To solve EHSNP, we present an approach based on a symbiotic evolutionary algorithm (symbiotic EA), which are known as an efficient tool to solve complex integrated optimization problems. First, we propose a framework of symbiotic EA for EHSNP and its genetic elements suitable for each sub-problem. To analyze the proposed algorithm, the extensive experiments are performed with various test-bed problems. The results show that the proposed algorithm is promising in solving the EHSNP.

• 천문학논총
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.13-31
• /
• 2022

We observed the symbiotic star AG Dra for a total of 61 nights between April 2004 and December 2021 using the 1.8-m telescope and the high-resolution Echelle spectrograph BOES at the Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory and obtained 355 frames of spectroscopic data to investigate the variations in its spectral lines. Overnight short-term and long-term changes in prominent emission lines are examined. No short-term changes are found in the line profiles. However, the peak intensity of the Hα emission line exhibits very small variation. In the long-term period, many emission lines including He I λ5875, λ6678, λ7065 and Fe II λ5018 are found to vary reflecting the symbiotic outburst activities. It is noted that He II λ4686 and Raman-scattered O VI λ6830, λ7088 are exceptions, where no significant variations are discernible. One of the noticeable lines is the λ5018 line. Its appearance and disappearance pattern are different from other emission lines, and the line is found to appear in outburst states. The Hα and Hβ lines remain very similar in our spectroscopic monitoring campaign.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제49권4호
• /
• pp.300-306
• /
• 2022

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for a wide range of cellular responses in plants, including defense responses, responses to abiotic stress, hormone signaling, and developmental processes. Recent investigations have shown that the stress, ethylene, and MAPK signaling pathways negatively affect the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules by directly modulating the symbiotic signaling components. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the defense responses mediated by MAPK signaling in the organogenesis of nitrogen-fixing nodules remain unclear. In the present study, I demonstrate that the Medicago truncatula mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MtMKK5)-Medicago truncatula mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6 (MtMPK3/6) signaling module, expressed specifically in the symbiotic nodules, promotes defense signaling, but not ethylene signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting nodule development in M. truncatula. U0126 treatment resulted in increased cell division in the nodule meristem zone due to the inhibition of MAPK signaling. The phosphorylated TEY motif in the activation domain of MtMPK3/6 was the target domain associated with specific interactions with MtMKK5. I have confirmed the physical interactions between M. truncatula nodule inception (MtNIN) and MtMPK3/6. In the presence of high expression levels of the defense-related genes FRK1 and WRKY29, MtMKK5a overexpression significantly enhanced the defense responses of Arabidopsis against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Overall, my data show that the negative regulation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodule organogenesis by defense signaling pathways is mediated by the MtMKK5-MtMPK3/6 module.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.315-324
• /
• 2011

The actiniarian sea anemone, Entacmaea quadricolor, and the scleractinian coral, Alveopora japonica, host symbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbiodinium (Freudenthal). We studied the host-symbiont specificity of these two anthozoan hosts in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Symbionts within the two hosts were identified using partial large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and complete internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 rDNA regions. The host, E. quadricolor, was identified using the partial LSU rDNA molecular marker. Genetic analysis showed that E. quadricolor only harbors dinoflagellates belonging to subclade C1/3 of the genus Symbiodinium. Moreover, no genetic variation was detected among the symbionts of E. quadricolor within the study region (Korea and Japan), even though the two distant sites were separated by more than 1000 km, at collection depths of 1 m in shallow and 13-16 m in deep water. Whilst scleractinian corals host multiple Symbiodinium clades in tropical waters, A. japonica, sampled over a wide geographical range (800 km) within the study region, only hosts Symbiodinium sp. clade F3. The high specificity of endosymbionts in E. quadricolor and A. japonica within the northwestern Pacific Ocean could be accounted for because symbiotic dinoflagellates within the host anemones appear to be acquired maternally, and the Kuroshio Current might affect the marine biota of the northwestern Pacific. However, the consistency of the symbiotic relationships between these two anthozoan hosts and their endosymbionts could change after climate change, so this symbiotic specificity should be monitored.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.167-174
• /
• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: With the advances in technologies, self-service kiosks at foodservice operations are becoming a new way of service provision. This study examined the relationships among the menu information quality, nutrition information quality, technology acceptance characteristics, and customer behavioral intention toward the kiosks in fast food restaurants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A survey with a self-administered method was distributed online and offline. The sample consisted of customers who had used the kiosks at fast food restaurants in the last six months prior to the survey. The study hypotheses were tested by applying structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling revealed the positive impacts of menu information quality and nutrition information quality, technology acceptance characteristics, and behavioral intention toward kiosks at fast food restaurants. On the other hand, one hypothesis (Hypothesis 4) on the impact of nutrition information quality on the perceived usefulness was rejected. CONCLUSION: The study is the first to investigate nutrition and menu information at foodservice kiosks and relate them to technology acceptance. The study is very timely and adequate in the time of the 4^th industrial revolution. The critical importance of the presentation of nutrition information and menu information at the kiosks at fast food restaurants was verified. The academic and industrial implications of the study findings were discussed.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2017

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades play critical roles in various cellular events in plants, including stress responses, innate immunity, hormone signaling, and cell specificity. MAPK-mediated stress signaling is also known to negatively regulate nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interactions, but the molecular mechanism of the MAPK signaling cascades underlying the symbiotic nodule development remains largely unknown. We show that the MtMKK5-MtMPK3/6 signaling module negatively regulates the early symbiotic nodule formation, probably upstream of ERN1 (ERF Required for Nodulation 1) and NSP1 (Nod factor Signaling Pathway 1) in Medicago truncatula. The overexpression of MtMKK5 stimulated stress and defense signaling pathways but also reduced nodule formation in M. truncatula roots. Conversely, a MAPK specific inhibitor, U0126, enhanced nodule formation and the expression of an early nodulation marker gene, MtNIN. We found that MtMKK5 directly activates MtMPK3/6 by phosphorylating the TEY motif within the activation loop and that the MtMPK3/6 proteins physically interact with the early nodulation-related transcription factors ERN1 and NSP1. These data suggest that the stress signaling-mediated MtMKK5/MtMPK3/6 module suppresses symbiotic nodule development via the action of early nodulation transcription factors.