• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.43-89
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• 1992

In this thesis, the prominent aspect of word accent in standard Korean is studied by auditory test and acoustic analysis experiment. The definition of 'accent' is, following Hoyoung Lee's discussion(1990), to be described as 'the means whereby a focused part of an utterance is made to stand out in order to concentrate the hearer's attention on it.' That is to say, the ten of 'accent' may be described in terms of phonological phenomenon and the accented syllable can be phonetically prominent as the result of those phonological process. Prosodic features may have different characteristics in different languages whether they contain linguistically important functions or not. Thus the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean will be determined as the content and trait of prosodic features. Following this viewpoint, present study looked over prosodic features which may effect the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean, through systematic experimental procedure. And the result of this experiment has been verified by statistical method, the T-test, for the purpose of identifying the relatedness among prosodic features(parameters). This thesis, therefore, aimed to investigate the intrinsic acoustic and physical qualities of the word accent in standard Korean. Nonsense words composed by 'mal' and 'ma' which can be divided into 'heavy syllable' and 'light syllable' quoted from Hyman(1975) have been classified into 28 types with respect to syllable numbers(2 syl., 3 sy1., 4 syl.) and these words have become the target of auditory test and acoustic experiment. As the result of those experimental Procedures, the word accent in standard Korean may be said that it has a tendency of fixing first two syllables regardless of syllable numbers. The syllable types of HH, HL, LL in the first two syllables may be prominent at first syllable and the type of H may be at second syllable. Various prosodic features(parameters) including duration, intensity, and Fo(purely phonetic terms) were also strengthened in those positions. The result of this experiment can be cleared up like these : 1. The most important feature is proved as 'duration', the feature of intensity resulted in more subsidiary one than the feature of duration. 2. Fo( fundamental frequency) could be observed as having some coherent contour through almost all syllable types(99 ％), that is, in 2 syllable types, it had rising contour, in 2 syllable types, rising-falling contour, and in 4 syllable types, it contained rising-falling-rising contour. The result of auditory test was different with those contour forms of all Fo surveyed. With respect to these results, the discuss for Fo is determined' to be excluded comparing other features. 3. Finally, this thesis resulted in a decision that the word accent in standard Korean may has fixed(somewhat weaker) accent, especially fixed at first two syllables in almost all words. 4. Various kinds of syllable types related with 2,3,4 syllables, therefore, can be reclassified into 4 types of HH, HL, LH, LL following the concept of accent fixing placement(i.e. first two syllables). In these 4 types, the types of HH, HL, LL were prominent at the position of the first syllable , and the type of LH was prominent at the second syllable otherwise.

• 인지과학
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.193-220
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• 2018

시각 단어 재인에 영향을 미치는 변인으로는 단어 빈도, 단어 길이, 이웃단어, 단어 형태 등이 밝혀진 바 있다. 단어 형태 변인은 한글이 영어와는 글자 체계가 다르기 때문에 형태 정보가 단어 처리에 다른 방식으로 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구는 게스탈트의 연속성 원리를 한글에 적용하여 한글 단어의 처리 단위를 알아보고, 음절 형태가 한글 단어 재인에 영향을 미치는지 검증하고자 하였다. 실험 1에서는 3음절 단어를 사용하여 음절 유형(평소 읽기방향이 연속성 원리에 부합하는 '가로집자'형(예: "가"), 부합하지 않는 '세로집자'형(예: "고")과 글자 제시 방향(가로, 세로)을 조작하였다. 어휘 판단 시간의 분석 결과, 제시 방향에 상관없이 '가로집자'형의 처리 속도가 '세로집자'형보다 빨랐다. 실험 2에서는 차폐 점화를 사용하여 음절유형('가로집자'와 '세로집자'형) 및 점화 자극과 목표 자극의 시각적 관계(동일, 유사, 상이)를 조작하였다. 점화자극과 목표자극의 음절집자 형태에 따라서 수행에 차이가 있었으며 이는 음절 형태가 단어 재인에 미친다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2016

단어는 언어의 기초적인 의미 단위이기 때문에 단어재인에 대한 연구는 언어 연구에서 중요하며 단어처리에 기여하는 변인이 무엇인지에 관한 연구가 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 한국어 단어재인 과정의 주요 변인 중 단어 빈도와 단어길이의 영향을 탐색하였다. 먼저 단어 빈도와 관련하여, 한국어의 특징 중 하나인 한자어로 이루어진 단어에서도 기존의 연구와 동일한 양상의 빈도 효과가 나타나는지를 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 순 한글 단어와 한자어로 이루어진 단어를 비교하였으며, 그 결과 한자어로 이루어진 단어에서는 빈도 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 한편 단어 길이 효과의 경우, 단음절로 구성된 단어의 양상을 확인해 보고자, 음절의 개수를 변화시켜 단어 길이 효과를 측정하였다. 그 결과 단음절 단어는 이음절 단어에 비해 느리게 처리되었다. 특정 유형의 단어에 대한 빈도 효과의 부재 및 단음절 단어의 느린 처리는 한국어의 특징을 반영한 결과라 할 수 있으며 추후 연구를 통해 이에 대한 좀더 자세한 탐색이 필요할 것이다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2015

The current study investigated CVCC syllables in spontaneous American English speech to find out whether such syllables are produced as phonological units with a string of segments, showing a hierarchical structure. Transcribed data from the Buckeye Speech Corpus was used for the analysis in this study. The result of the current study showed that the constituents within a CVCC syllable as a phonological unit may have phonetic variations (namely, the final coda may undergo deletion). First, voiceless alveolar stops were the most frequently deleted when they occurred as the second final coda consonants of a CVCC syllable; this deletion may be an intermediate process on the way from the abstract form CVCC (with the rime VCC) to the actual pronunciation CVC (with the rime VC), a production strategy employed by some individual speakers. Second, in the internal structure of the rime, the proportion of deletion of the final coda consonant depended on the frequency of the word rather than on the position of postvocalic consonants on the sonority hierarchy. Finally, the segment following the consonant cluster proved to have an effect on the reduction of that cluster; more precisely, the following contrast was observed between obstruents and non-obstruents, reflecting the effect of sonority: when the segment following the consonant cluster was an obstruent, the proportion of deletion of the final coda consonant was increased. Among these results, the effect of word frequency played a critical role for promoting the deletion of the second coda consonant for clusters in CVCC syllables in spontaneous speech. The current study implies that the structure of syllables as phonological units can vary depending on individual speakers' lexical representation.

• 인지과학
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.309-333
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• 2009

2음절 한자 합성어의 어휘판단에서 형태소 처리와 글자 처리의 역할을 조사하였다. 실험 1의 단어에 대한 반응에서는 어두와 어말 위치 모두에서 형태소 빈도의 효과는 나타나지 않았으나, 비단어에 대한 반응에서는 글자 빈도의 효과와 글자-형태소 대응의 효과가 나타났다. 빈도가 높은 글자를 포함하는 비단어일수록 반응시간이 길었고, 글자-형태소의 대응이 불투명한 비단어일수록 반응시간이 길었다. 실험 2에서는 실험 1에서 나타난 글자-형태소 대응의 효과를 단어에서 직접 관찰하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 단어 자극에 대해서도 글자-형태소 대응이 불투명할수록 어휘 판단이 느렸으며, 비단어 자극에서 그러한 경향이 더 뚜렷하였다. 본 연구의 결과는, 글자-형태소 대응이 불투명한 단어의 경우 다양한 형태소를 활성화시키게 되고, 그 결과 형태소의 파악은 늦어지고, 결국은 단어 인지의 지연으로 연결된다는 주장을 지지한다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 하여 한글 표기 한자어의 인지에서 형태소 위치 효과, 글자 빈도의 역할 등에 대해서 논의하였다.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The study investigated vowel context effects on the perception of stop consonants in Malayalam. It also probed into the role of vowel context effects in determining the frequency of occurrence of various consonant-vowel (CV) syllables in Malayalam. Subjects and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional pre-experimental post-test only research design on 30 individuals with normal hearing, who were native speakers of Malayalam. The stimuli included three stop consonants, each spoken in three different vowel contexts. The resultant nine syllables were presented in original form and five gating conditions. The consonant recognition in different vowel contexts of the participants was assessed. The frequency of occurrence of the nine target syllables in the spoken corpus of Malayalam was also systematically derived. Results: The consonant recognition score was better in the /u/ vowel context compared with /i/ and /a/ contexts. The frequency of occurrence of the target syllables derived from the spoken corpus of Malayalam showed that the three stop consonants occurred more frequently with the vowel /a/ compared with /u/ and /i/. Conclusions: The findings show a definite vowel context effect on the perception of the Malayalam stop consonants. This context effect observed is different from that in other languages. Stop consonants are perceived better in the context of /u/ compared with the /a/ and /i/ contexts. Furthermore, the vowel context effects do not appear to determine the frequency of occurrence of different CV syllables in Malayalam.

• 대한청각학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The study investigated vowel context effects on the perception of stop consonants in Malayalam. It also probed into the role of vowel context effects in determining the frequency of occurrence of various consonant-vowel (CV) syllables in Malayalam. Subjects and Methods: The study used a cross-sectional pre-experimental post-test only research design on 30 individuals with normal hearing, who were native speakers of Malayalam. The stimuli included three stop consonants, each spoken in three different vowel contexts. The resultant nine syllables were presented in original form and five gating conditions. The consonant recognition in different vowel contexts of the participants was assessed. The frequency of occurrence of the nine target syllables in the spoken corpus of Malayalam was also systematically derived. Results: The consonant recognition score was better in the /u/ vowel context compared with /i/ and /a/ contexts. The frequency of occurrence of the target syllables derived from the spoken corpus of Malayalam showed that the three stop consonants occurred more frequently with the vowel /a/ compared with /u/ and /i/. Conclusions: The findings show a definite vowel context effect on the perception of the Malayalam stop consonants. This context effect observed is different from that in other languages. Stop consonants are perceived better in the context of /u/ compared with the /a/ and /i/ contexts. Furthermore, the vowel context effects do not appear to determine the frequency of occurrence of different CV syllables in Malayalam.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2009

In this study, we suggest Korean nonlinear fitting formula (KNFF) to maximize speech intelligibility for digital hearing aids based on NAL-NL1 (NAL-nonlinear, version 1). KNFF was derived from the same procedure which is used for deriving NAL-NL1. KNFF consider the long-term average speech spectrum of Korean instead of English because the frequency characteristic of Korean is different from that of English. New insertion gains of KNFF were derived using the SII (speech intelligibility index) program provided by ANSI. In addition, the insertion gains were modified to maximize the intelligibility of high frequency words. To verify effect of the new fitting gain, we performed speech discrimination test (SDT) and preference test using the hearing loss simulator from NOISH. In the SDT, a word set as test material consists of 50 1-syllable word generally used in hearing clinic. As a result of the test, in case of moderate hearing loss with severe loss on high frequency, the SDT scores of KNFF was more improved about 3.2% than NAL-NLl and about 6% in case of the sever hearing loss. Finally we have obtained the result that it was the effective way to increase gain of mid-high frequency bands and to decrease gain of low frequency bands in order to maximize speech intelligibility of Korean.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.623-629
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• 1998

일반전화기로 통화가 어려운 난청인에게 충분한 수신음량을 공급하기 위해서는 큰 증폭이 필요한데 큰 증폭은 하울링(howling)을 발생시킨다. 본 연구에서는 소리를 크게 증폭하면서 하울링을 억제하는 새로운 방법을 제안하고 이를 적용한 보청전화기를 개발하여 평가하였다. 통화수신 음성은 3개의 밴드로 나뉘어져 각각 독립적으로 증폭되어 난청인의 청력에 알맞게 적합(fitting)된다. 수신음성의 주파수는 카운터에 의하여 시간영역에서 모니터링되는데 카운터부는 비교기를 이용하여 수신 정현파를 구형파로 변환시키고 시간영역에서 구형파 수를 계수함으로써 주파수를 분석하여 하울링이 발행하는가를 판단한다. 전화기는 송수화기 구조가 결정되어 있고 송수신 주파수 범위가 제한되어 있으므로 하울링 또한 일정주파수 범위내 발생하게 된다. 계수기에 의해 하울링이 검출되면 중앙제어부는 해당대역의 증폭도를 빠르게 낮춤으로써 하울링을 억제시킨다. 시험결과 개발전화기는 하울링 없이 40dB 이상 증폭할 수 있으며 중고도 난청인의 어음인지력이 1음절어의 경우는 20%에서 60.8%로, 2음절어의 경우는 28.9%에서 78%로 향상되는 탁월한 개선 효과를 보였다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.89-104
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of korean vowels by acoustically analyzing whether children produce Korean vowels differently according to their age and gender between ages 4 and 6. Methods : A total of 104 children aged 4~6 years (56 males and 48 females) participated in this study. The participants were classified as either 4, 5, or 6 years old. Vowel speech data was obtained by asking the subjects to pronounce meaningful words in which the vowel in question was located in the first syllable. Speech analysis was performed using the Multi-speech 3700 program. Results : Age, gender, and vowel being pronounced all had significant effects on intensity. There was significant decrease with increasing age, and the intensity was significantly higher in male children than female children. Neither age, gender, nor the vowel being produced affected the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency produced did not differ by age or gender. The first and second formants had considerable effect on age and vowels, significantly decreased with age, and did not have a gender difference. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that children aged 4~6 have similar anatomical structures, but that maturity of speech motor skills required to pronounce vowels was correlated with age. The results of this study can be used to evaluate children's speech and develop speech therapy programs.