• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.117-128
• /
• 2010

Objectives : In this study the antidepressant effects of mixture of Citri Peticulatae Viride Pericarpium and Lycii Radicis Cortex on the change of HPA-Axis and Catecholamic system was investigated Methods : The forced swimming test(FST) was performed. The expression of corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF), c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN), and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the ventral tegmental area(VTA) and locus coeruleus(LC) was measured with immunohistochemical method and the concentration of seum adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) was measured with ELISA method. And the experimental groups were divided into the extraction after mixing(A) and mixture after extraction(B). The effects of both group were compared. Results : The duration of immobility in the forced swimming test was significantly decreased in the A400 group(P<0.01). The expression of CRF in PVN were significantly reduced in the A100, A400, B100, B400groups(P<0.001). but the expression of c-fos in PVN weren't reduced in all groups. And the concentration of ACTH in Plasma were significantly reduced in the A 100 group(P<0.01). The expression of TH in LC were significantly reduced in the A 400, B 100 and B400 groups(P<0.05~P<0.01). Conclusion : Mixture of Citri Peticulatae Viride Pericarpium and Lycii Radicis Cortex has antidepressant effects. But the difference between mixing and extracting methods was not shown.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.68-74
• /
• 2022

HemoHIM was used as a Korean traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, there is no study on the effect of HemoHIM on fatigue. We examined the potential use of HemoHIM to determine whether it can induce anti-fatigue effects. Mice were administered with HemoHIM and VEH for 14 days. On the last day of treatment, mice were subjected to behavioral tests. Subsequently, their plasma and muscle were collected after the treadmill test to measure lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ammonia, corticosterone, glycogen, and creatine kinase (CK). We found that HemoHIM moderately increased the running time (s) in the treadmill and mobility duration in the cold swimming tests. In addition, the VEH group showed a significant increase in lactate, LDH, and corticosterone levels in the plasma compared to the group that did not perform the test. However, this was moderately reduced in HemoHIM treatment. Moreover, the HemoHIM-treated group showed significant differences in LDH and glycogen levels, and showed significantly different CK levels in the muscle. HemoHIM is considered to be effective in improving fatigue, given the duration of cold swimming or running time on a treadmill. Also, HemoHIM treatment resulted in reduced concentrations of blood and muscle parameter analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2019

In order to investigate the behavioral characteristics of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) released at the entrance of Jinhae Bay, Korea, the direction and range of movement, swimming speed of the fish were measured with an acoustic telemetry techniques in winter, 2015. Three wild Pacific codes WC1 to WC3 (total length 66.0, 75.0, 76.0 cm; body weight 2.84, 2.79, 3.47 kg, respectively) were tagged with the acoustic transmitter. WC1 tagged with an acoustic transmitter internally by surgical method, WC2 and WC3, externally with the acoustic data logger and a micro data logger for recording audible sound waves including timer release unit. The movement routes of the tagged fish were measured more than five hours using VR100 receiver and a directional hydrophone. The directionality of the fish movement was tested by Rayleigh's z-Test, the statistical analysis, and a statistical program SPSS. Three tagged fishes were individually released on the sea surface around the entrance to the Jinhae Bay on 10 to 24 January 2015. WC1 moved about 13.32 km with average swimming speed of 0.63 m/s for six hours. The average swimming depth and water depth of the seabed on the route of WC1 were 7.2 and 32.9 m, respectively. The movement range of WC2 and WC3 were 7.95 and 11.06 km, approximately, with average swimming speed of 0.44 and 0.58 m/s for 5.1 and 5.3 hours, respectively. The average swimming depth of WC2 and WC3 were 18.7 and 5.0 m, and the water depth on the route, 34.4 and 29.8 m, respectively. Three fishes WC1 to WC3 were shown significant directionality in the movement (p < 0.05). Movement mean angles of WC1 to WC3 were 77.7, 76.3 and $88.1^{\circ}$, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the movement direction of fish (WC1 and WC2) and the tidal currents during the experimental period (p >= 0.05). Consequently, three tagged fishes were commonly moved toward outside of the entrance and headed for eastward of the Korean Peninsula, approximately, after release. It may estimate positively that the tidal current speed may affect to the swimming speed of the Pacific cod during the spring tide than the neap tide.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.415-423
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to report the changes in underwater anxiety, physical self-efficacy, and water safety consciousness in elementary school students through participation in survival swimming education, and the relationship between variables. For this purpose, 300 out of 312 elementary school students who participated in survival swimming education in Busan were used as valid samples. The collected data were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correspondence sample t-test, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 25.0 statistical program, and the results are as follows. First, the underwater anxiety of elementary school students before and after participating in survival swimming education decreased, and the physical self-efficacy and water safety awareness increased. Second, underwater anxiety of elementary school students who participated in survival swimming education partially negatively affected physical self-efficacy and water safety consciousness, and physical self-efficacy partially positively affected water safety consciousness. Based on these results, the effectiveness of survival swimming education could be confirmed, and the direction of qualitative expansion of the program could be reconsidered.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.206-211
• /
• 2002

The aim of this study was to obtain the basic data on the fish school behavior change to approaching vessel and fish species identification by means of their swimming speed. The surveys were carried out for the juvenile southern blue fin tuna and other fish schools off Esperance, western Australia from January to March 1999. We observed changes of fish school behavior in response to the approaching vessel using 360-degree scanning sonar. The results showed that, a horizontal direction index used to quantify a change of fish school behavior did not identify dependence of a radial distance and a swimming speed. A Mann­Whitney test conducted using the horizontal swimming speed of both species identified by sonar specialists, did not reveal a significant difference.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.28 no.7
• /
• pp.770-774
• /
• 2005

This study investigated the stimulative or sedative effects of inhaling fragrant essential oils (EOs) by using a forced swimming test (FST) with mice. This behavioral test is commonly used to measure the effects of antidepressant drugs. The inhalation by mice of EOs, such as ginger oil (p<0.05), thyme oil (p<0.05), peppermint oil (p<0.05), and cypress oil (p<0.01) resulted in 5% to 22% reduction of immobility. The same results were achieved when over-agitation was artificially induced in the mice by an intraperitoneal injection of caffeine (a psycho-stimulant). In contrast, inhalation of some EOs by the mice resulted in increased immobility. To evaluate more correctly the sedative effects of EOs, the immobility of over-agitated mice induced with caffeine was ascertained after the inhalation of various EOs. Inhalation of lavender oil (p<0.01) and hyssop oil (p<0.01) increased the immobile state in mice that were treated with caffeine. The results of this study indicate that the inhalation of essential oils may induce stimulative or sedative effects in mice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.398-403
• /
• 2019

Dioscorea japonica Thunberg (DJ) has been widely used as a healthy food in Korea for the enhancement of physical stamina. Hence, the present study evaluated the immune-enhancing effect of DJ in forced swim test of mouse model. The immobility time of the group treated with DJ for 7 days was significantly reduced in comparison with that of the control group. After a forced swimming test, the changes in blood biochemical parameters and splenic T lymphocyte populations induced by the administration of DJ were assessed. Serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly decreased in DJ-administered group compared to the control group. However, administration of DJ did not affect the splenic T lymphocyte populations. Moreover, DJ significantly increased the production of interferon-g and interleukin-2 compared to the media control in splenocytes. Collectively, it may be concluded that DJ is useful for enhancement of physical and immune function.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.101-119
• /
• 2004

Ginseng Radix Alba and Cyperi Rhizoma were investigated for their anti-depressant effects. For this purpose, forced-swimming test, tail suspension test, hot plate test, reserpine-induced hypothermia, aggressive behavior test were performed. In addition, the brain content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(a metabolite of serotonin), the monoamine oxidase activity, anticonvulsant effect, sleep enhancement effect were determined. The results are as follows: In the forced swimming test, Ginseng Radix diminished the duration of immobility by 45.5% compared to the control group, while Cyperi Rhizoma showed weaker effect (12.4% reduction) at 2g/kg. In the tail suspension test, the effect of Ginseng Radix(43.7% reduction) are also better than that of Cyperi Rhizoma(15.6% reduction) at 2g/kg. In the hot plate test, Ginseng Radix showed no difference as compared to control, while Cyperi Rhizoma increased the jump latency time by about 25% after administration for 10 days. In the reserpine-induced hypothermia test, both drugs slowly dropped the body temperature compared to the control group, especially the rate of hypothermia of Ginseng Radix was 24.0% at 1g/kg. In the aggressive behavior test, both drugs delayed the onset time, decreased the duration and frequency, of which effects were better in Cyperi Rhizoma. The content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in mice brain was slightly increased in Ginseng Radix, while Cyperi Rhizoma increased its level almost to the control group. Both drugs inhibited the monoamine oxidase activity in a dose-dependent manner, but the effect(51.2%) of Cyperi Rhizoma was more potent than the effect(11.8%) of Ginseng Radix. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep test, Cyperi Rhizoma exhibited no significant difference against the control group, while Ginseng Radix showed about two-fold enhancement at 2g/kg. The anticonvulsant effect of both drugs delayed the onset time, shortened the duration of convulsion and diminished the lethality, but Ginseng Radix were better than Cyperi Rhizoma.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.159-165
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change in the positive psychology movement of capital represented by the performance of physical disabilities to participate in swimming classes for 10 weeks. The study was conducted with 30 to 40-men group participation handicapped total of 21 patients (10 patients) and non-participation group (11 patients), the duration of the experiment was performed three times a week for 10 weeks, 50 minutes. Data processing is a dictionary, post-test data was calculated the mean and standard deviation, experimental design group two won repeated measures analysis of variance for (swimming participating groups, miserable Lady) and time (before and after) using the SPSS 21.0 statistical program It was performed (2-way [2] RM ANOVA), all the statistical significance level was set at .05. Study, classroom participation of the handicapped swimmer can see that has had a positive effect positive psychological capital.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.357-371
• /
• 1995

We have completed a study to measure the contents of glucose, BUN, creatinine. LDH, and T-protein with respect to a fatigued condition in the bloods of rats which a constant swimming is loaded and to measure the maximun swimming time of mice The test has been carried out as a part of the basic study on the efficacy of B. E. P. (Biological Energy Projector) for emitting a light energy having a specific wavelength out of far-infrared rays. As a result. We have reached the following conclusions: 1. At testing of mice's maximun swimming time, all of B.E.P.(2. 4. 8. 24hrs) treated group have been increased in comparison with the control group, but only 24hrs-B.E.P. treated group significantly increased during 4 weeks. 2. The contents of glucose, BUN. creatinine, LDH, and T-protein measured immediately after the swimming of mice have been distinctly changed but not been significantly changed at their increase and decrease in comparison with the control group. 3. At 3rd day out of the swimming loading, the contents of glucose in the blood serum of the white rat have been distinctly increased in comparison with the control group. And 24hrs-B.E.P treated group surpassed 8hrs-B.E.P. treated group. 4. At 1st and 3rd day, the contents of creatinine in the blood serum of the white rat have been distinctly increased at B.E.P. (8, 24hrs) treated groups in comparison with the control group and have been recovered to the condition of the normal group. 5. After three days, the contents of BUN in the blood serum of the white rat have been significantly decreased in B.E.P.(8, 24hrs) treated groups at 3rd day in comparison with the control group and have been recovered to the condition of the normal group. 6. The contents of LDH in the blood serum of the white rat have been decreased in B.E.P.(8, 24hrs) treated groups at 3rd day in comparison with the control group, in particular 24hrs-B.E.P. treated group has been decreased distinctly than the normal group. 7. The contents of T-protein in the blood serum of the white rat have been distinctly increased in B.E.P. (8, 24hrs) treated groups at 3rd day in comparison with the control and normal group. As the above results, it has been proved that the execise of mice and the fatigue metabolism of rats were influenced by the light energy emitted the B.E.P., and it has been also proved that the external stimulation could be used as a preferable stimulative factor for the biological metabolism. If the clinical training and study are positively achieved, the B.E.P. would be used as curative means and preventive measures for helping human body.