• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.875-883
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a diet supplemented with garlic extract and vitamin B complex on fatigue recovery from swimming load test in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a non-swimming control group (Normal) and swimming load test groups. Swimming load test groups were re-divided into swimming control group (Control), 1% of 60 brix garlic extract fed group (SG), vitamin B complex twice mixture fed group (SV) and 1% of 60 brix garlic extract and vitamin B group twice mixture fed group (SGV). Concentration of plasma lipids and glucose were determined in the rats post-swimming. Concentration of plasma glucose, total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased in the control group compared to the non-swimming control group (p<0.05), and these levels were shown to be significantly lower in the SG, SV and SGV groups than in the control group. The SGV group showed the lowest level, however, there was no significant difference between the SG and SV groups. There was no significant difference in HDL-cholesterol concentrations between the normal group and control group, but its concentration was the highest in the SG ($45.95{\pm}5.52$ mg/dl) group. LDL-cholesterol concentration was the highest in the control group, but it was decreased significantly in the SGV group. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a diet supplemented with 1% 60 brix garlic extract and vitamin B group twice mixture has beneficial effects on fatigue recovery in swimming load tests.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1201-1212
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the changes in underwater anxiety and water safety consciousness among college students through participation in survival swimming education and the relationship between these changes and various factors. To achieve this, 200 college students who were participating in survival swimming education from universities located in the Busan-Ulsan-Gyeongnam region were selected as participants using convenience sampling. Among them, a final valid sample of 191 students was utilized. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0 statistical software, including exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, paired sample t-test, repeated measures ANOVA. The results are as follows: Firstly, college students who participated in survival swimming education showed a decrease in post-test underwater anxiety and an increase in water safety consciousness compared to pre-test. Secondly, the interaction between the groups based on the presence or absence of swimming education experience and time showed a significant effect only in the safety education, a sub-factor of water safety consciousness. Based on these results, the effectiveness of survival swimming education for college students could be confirmed, and further directions for expanding survival swimming education in university settings could be considered.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.215-225
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• 2010

In order to investigate the antidepressant effects of Lycii Radicis Cortex on the change of HPA-Axis system, the forced swimming test was performed. The expressions of CRF and c-Fos in the PVN were measured with immunohistochemical method and the concentration of ACTH in Serum was evaluated with ELISA method. And the results obtained were as follows. Results : 1. The duration of immobility in the forced swimming test was significantly decreased in the LRC100 group and the LRC400 group(P<0.001). 2. The expressions of CRF and c-Fos were significantly reduced in the LRC100 group and the LRC400 group(P<0.001). And the concentration of ACTH in Serum were significantly reduced in the LRC 100 group(P<0.05). According to the results above mentioned, it can be considered that Lycii Radicis Cortex has antidepressant effects.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1019-1040
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to clarify the repercussions of swimming exercise therapy that has an effect on lipid in blood and liver enzyme of the 3D-Rat dosage high fat diet. The object of this study consisted of two groups. One was the swimming exercise SD-Rat group, the other was the non-exercise SD-Rat group. Sample size was seven Rats repectively. Exercise period was ten week. Exercise group swimmed twenty minutes per a day and 5 times per a week. And then collecting blood from these two group's SD-Rats, making M Health center a request for a blood test on TC, TG, GOT, GPT, we come to a conclusion like below. The weight of the swimming exercise group has decreased 5.93% in comparison with non-exercise group. and has a significant difference(p<0.05). The liver weight of the swimming exercise group has decreased 7.83% in comparison with non-exercise group, and has not a significant difference. The TC of the swimming exercise group has decreased 39.22% in comparison with non-exercise group, and has a significant difference(p<0.05). The TG of the swimming exercise group has decreased 62.88% in comparison with non-exercise group, and has a significant difference(p<0.05). The GOT of the swimming exercise group has decreased 3.22% in comparison with non-exercise group, and has not a significant difference. The GPT of the swimming exercise group has decreased 16.14% in comparison with non-exercise group, and has a significant difference(p<0.05). In regard to above results, the regular swimming exercise therapy with dosage of high fat diet has an important role in healing and preventing a fattyliver, a hyperlipidemia, and an arteriosclerosis, intervening the lipid in blood.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

Objective : Investigation of the anti-stress effects of Sihosogansan Methods : Passive avoidance test(PAT) was performed after applying immobilization stress in water to rats. Also, forced swimming test(FST) was performed to another rats and after FST, the degree of Tyrosine Hydroxylase(TH) expression was measured with immunohistochemical method in the regions of locus coeruleus(LC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Results : In the PAT after immobilization stress in water, response latency was significantly increased in the Sihosogansan(400mg/kg) group in comparison with the control group. In the FST, immobility was significantly decreased in the Sihosogansan groups (100mg/kg, 400mg/kg), comparing with the control group. Stress-induced TH increases were suppressed in the Sihosogansan groups (100mg/kg, 400mg/kg) at the LC and the VTA region respectively. Conclusion : Sihosogansan can improve memory ability of rats, reduce behavior of depression in rats, decrease TH-immunoreactive cells at the LC and VTA region in rat, and it may be concluded that Sihosogansan has significant effect in reducing stress.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the muscle anti-fatigue effects of Morindae officinalis Radix liquid extract. Methods: 4-6 weeks old ICR rats are used in the study, and we administered the extracts powder of Morinda officinalis concentration of 1, 10, 100mg/0.3 ml to each to rats(MO group) once a day for each 30 and 60 days. After 30 and 60 days, we examined the plasma concentraion of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose. And we measured the persistent time of swimming exercise test and conducted grip strength test Results: We found that there are no significantly differences between the control and the treatment group in the plasma concentration of activity level of lactate dehydrogenase. And we found that in 30days group, level of glucose concentration is significant. In swimming exercise test, as administration time and concetration growed up, swimming time is increased. And in grip strength test, as concentraion is growed up, grip strength is increased. Conclusion: This study show that Morinda officinalis is effective against muscle fatigue.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.423-432
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• 2008

The local migration or movement behavior of fishes in streams are related to feeding, spawning, growing, dispersing, and refuging. The pale chub (Zacco platypus) is a dominant species that migrates locally and inhabits in river and stream in Korea. However, dams, weirs, culverts and other regulatory structures are physical barriers that limit fish movement and fragment habits and populations. If main stream and off-channel habitats are connected with culverts, they would restrict the small fish as pale chub movement due to the high flow velocities and low depths. But in Korea, there is no experimental study to evaluate the swimming performance of species in Korea. Therefore, it is difficult to proposed that design guidelines for pass fishes through culverts. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the swimming performance of pale chubs. A series of swimming performance test has been used in both of the fixed velocity and the incremental velocity methods in an experimental flume. As a result, the critical swimming speed for pale chub(body length 8.9 cm) was found to be about 0.7 m/s. Therefore, the flow velocity for culvert design in the low flow condition should not be exceed the its swimming ability, especially 0.7 m/s for pale chubs(body length 8.9 cm). And the minimum depth for culvert design in the low flow condition should not be lower than the fish body height add a dorsal fin height.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effects in inflammatory and pain status on rheumatoid arthritis(RA) induced rats by swimming exercise and Achyranthes Radix(AR) extracts ointment according to the application methods with the change of motor-behavioral and histochemistry study through the change of safranin o-fast green stain in the knee joint and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ concentration production in serum for 28 days. They were randomly divided into four groups; Group I: RA induction, Group II: application of only swimming exercise after RA induction, Group III: application of only AR extracts ointment after RA induction, Group IV: application of both AR extracts ointment and swimming exercise after RA induction. The following results were obtained. Volume change of hind paw edema and arthritis indices test and arthritic dorsal flexion & plantar flexion pain test, group II, III, IV were showed that significantly decrease to each scores compared with group I (p<.01). Safranin o-fast green stain were showed histological indices, group II, III, IV were showed that significantly decrease the scores of cellular infiltration and synovial hyperplasia(p<.05), pannus formation and cartilage destruction(p<.01) compared with group I. Group IV were the most decreased compared with group II, III. The $PGE_2$ concentration of the group II, III, IV were decreased compared to the group I (p<.01) In conclusion, swimming exercise and AR extracts ointment acts were the most therapeutic intervention in inflammatory and pain control of RA induced rats.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that BDNF has a role in plasticity and survival following spinal cord injury and treadmill exercise increases BDNF levels in the normal brain and spinal cord. We attempted to determine whether swimming exercise improve motor function following experimental contusive spinal cord injury and whether motor outcome is associated with BDNF expression. Methods: Thirty six Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 250 to 300 g) were divided into control (n=18) and experimental swimming group (n=18). Spinal cord injury was produced using NYU-spinal impactor at the eleven thoracic levels in both groups. Swimming exercise started $7^{th}$ day from SCI operation, lasted 5 min per day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks and then exercise times a day were increased in one number to each week. Motor functional recovery was determined by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, modified inclined board plane test, histological findings, H&E and BDNF expression observed at $1^{th}$, $3^{rd}$, $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$, $21^{st}$ and $28^{th}$day after injury. Results: 1. The BBB scores were higher in experimental group than control group at $14^{th}$, $21^{st}$ day (left hind limb) and at $21^{th}$ day (right hind limb) (p<0.05) after injury. 2. The inclined board plane test were significantly greater in experimental group than control group at $7^{th}$ day (p<0.05), $14^{th}$ and $28^{th}$ day (p<0.01) after injury. 3. The BDNF expression was severe revealed in experimental group than control group at $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$ and $28^{th}$ day after injury. Conclusion: This study suggests that swimming applied from the early phase after spinal cord injury be beneficial effects in motor functional recovery.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.11-21
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• 2005

The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of swimming training on brain function after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Therefore, this study was examined on neurogenesis in dentate gyrus of hippocampus using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label proliferating cells and assessed the neurological response following focal cerebral ischemia in rats using neurological motor behavioral test. In an observer-blinded fashion, twenty male Sprague-Dawley (280~310 g, 7 weeks old) rats were divided into four groups: MCAO plus swimming group (ME, $n_1$=5), MCAO plus control group (MC, $n_2$=5), SHAM plus swimming group (SE, $n_3$=5), SHAM plus control group (SC, $n_4$=5). The results of this study were as follows: 1) The limb placing time before and after swimming in the ME group were significantly longer than the MC group (p<.05), the SE group were significantly longer than the SC group (p<.01). 2) The balance beam scores before and after swimming in the ME group was higher than the SE group, the MC group was higher than the SC group but was not significantly different (p>.001). 3) The foot fault index before and after swimming training in ME group was significantly lower (i.e., improved) than the MC group (p<.001) and the SE group (p<.001), the SE group was significantly lower (i.e., improved) than the SC group (p<.001). 4) The mean number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus in the ME group was significantly higher than the MC group (p<.001) and the SE group (p<.01). The MC group and the SE group was significantly higher than the SC group (p<.001). 5) There was significantly correlation between limb placing time and number of BrdU-positive cells on swimming training, there was positive correlation (r=.807, p<.0001) and between foot fault index and BrdU-positive cells number, there was negative correlation (r=-.503, p<.05). However, between balance beam scores and BrdU-positive cells number, there was no correlation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the role of swimming training improves behavioral motor function probably by enhancing cell proliferation in that hippocampus. This study provides a model for investigating the stroke rehabilitation that underlies neurogenesis and functional ability.