• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2007

This research investigated the eating out and snack intakes situation of five hundred eighty five $5^{th}\;and\;6^{th}$ graders living in the city and rural parts of Jeonbuk province. The results of this study are as followed: Nuclear families in urban area and rural community are 84.5% and 64.7% respectively. On the other hand, extended families are 7.9% in urban area and 18% in rural communities. Out of all the households, 34.3% (urban: 37.2%, rural community: 31.5%) answered they like to eat out. Over 50.3% preferred eating Korean style food and the reason was 'the taste': urban (71.4%) and rural community (67.8%). People living in urban communities seemed to eat out more frequently than rural places and $3{\sim}4$ times a month was the average. Usually people seemed to eat out during the weekends and in the evening time 84.3% (after 7:00 p.m.). Based on each family's living standard, people answered 'we hardly ever eat out' for those in the lower class (59.1%), the middle class said once or twice a week (47.1%), and the upper class (35.7%). It was obvious that people in the middle and upper class tend to eat out more frequently than those in the lower class. The most common period of time which snacks were taken was after school (38.5%), on the way back from educational institute (35.0%) and the choices of snacks which they purchased were frozen sweets (56.4%)chips & cookies (25.2%) beverages (9.9%) Fast foods (4.6%) and fried foods (3.9%) in order. Urban children seem to eat more frozen sweets and rural children ate more chips & cookies. Also, amount of snacks between meals showed a higher percentage to those who had more pocket money, The type of snacks were fruits (37.1%) chips and cookies et cetera (19.2%) instant foods (12.8%) dairy products (11.1%) confectionary (10.3%) fried foods (5.1%) in order. The result shows that urban children eat out more frequently than those in rural areas, Eating around 7:00 p.m. was most common and the middle and upper class tend to eat out more frequently than those in the lower class, Also, snacks were most often bought before and after school. After 10:00 p.m frozen goods and chips were the most preferred choice. Specially, the reason for eating fast foods was because of the pleasing taste. From this study, it is clear that eating out and having snacks became pervasive into our lives in both urban and rural areas. Hereafter, an appropriate eating habit should be correctly educated to elementary students by spoken words and textbooks in a curriculum. In reality, snacks are classified as being the leading factor of obesity. Therefore more products containing balanced nutrition should newly develop rather than snacks with high fat content.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2002

뇌졸중환자 43명을 대상으로 식습관, 식생활태도가 영양소 섭취량에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 식사 시 간에 대한 규칙성은 제시간에 식사하는 사람이 58.1%, 불규칙한 식사를 하는 사람이 41.9%이었다. 음식을 고를 때 중요하게 생각하는 요인은 간편하게 음식을 만들 수 있는 것이 34.9%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 한 번 식사량은 '가볍게 먹는다'는 사람이 13.9%, '많이 먹는다'는 사람이 51.2%이었고, '식사를 느리게 먹는다'는 사람이 20.9%, '빠르게 먹는다'는 사람이 34.9%이었고, 특히 여자들은 62.5%가 빨리 먹는다고 답하고 있었다. 흡연상태는 담배를 피우는 사람이 55.8%로 높은 비율을 보였고, 남녀 각각 74.1%, 25.0%로 나타났다. 식습관 점수는 대상자 전체 4.5, 남녀 각각4.3, 4.8을 나타내어 여자의 식습관 점수가 높았으며, 해조류의 섭취가 여자가 남자보다 유의적으로 많이 섭취한 것을 제외하고 남녀간에 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 열량 섭취량은 대상자 전체 2228 kcal, 남자 2441 kcal, 여자 1870 local로 남녀 각각 한국인 영양권장량의 107%, 104%를 섭취하였다. 단백질의 섭취량은 대상자 전체 119.1g, 남녀 각각 130.9 g, 99.5 g으로 영양권장량의 전체 187%, 남자 192%, 여자 180%의 많은 양을 섭취 하였다. 지방 섭취량은 대상자 전체 60.5g, 남녀 각각 66.6 g, 50.3 g을 섭취하였다. 한국영양학회에서 하루에 20~25 g의 섭취를 권장하는 섬유질은 대상자 전체 9.6 g, 남자 10.4 g, 여자 8.2 g으로 낮은 섭취량을 보였다. 이는 앞의 식습관 점수에서 황록색채소와 채소의 섭취빈도가 각각 1주에 4.7, 5.0이었고, 과일의 섭취는 더욱 낮은 3.9를 나타내어, 한국영양학회가 1일 채소 및 과일의 섭취를6~7회 권장하는 것에 비해 낮은 섭취빈도에서도 섬유질의 섭취량이 적음이 설명 될 수 있겠다. 칼슘, 철분, 비타민 A, 비타민 B$_1$등의 섭취는 권장량이상을 나타내었고, 비타민 C를 제외하고 남자의 섭취가 여자의 섭취보다 높게 나타났다 단백질, 인, 나이아신 등은 영양소 적 정 섭취비가 1.00을 나타내었고 그외 나머지 영양소도 0.93이 상의 높은 값을 보였다. 또한 평균 적정 섭취비(MAR)의 경우, 남녀 각각 0.99와 0.96의 높은 값을 나타내었다. 대상자의 영양의 질적지수(INQ)는 여자의 칼슘 섭취량을 제외하고 나머지 8가지 영양소에서 1을 넘어섰다. 맛 선호도에 따른 영양소 섭취량을 분석한 바, 단맛을 좋아하는 사람이 싫어하는 사람보다 열량과 당질섭취량은 유의 적으로 적게, 지방 섭취량은 유의적으로 높았다. 짠맛을 좋아하는 사람은 나트륨 섭취량이 7890 mg으로 짠맛을 싫어하는 사람 5579 mg보다 유의적 (p < 0.05)으로 많은 양을 섭취하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.6-10
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• 1983

경북 월성군 양북면을 관류하는 대종천에 괴식하는 담수어와 반철수어에서의 흡충류 피설유충 기생상을 알아 보기 위해 1982년 6월부터 10월까지 5개월간 대종천 유역의 3개동, 대본동, 구길동과 호암동에서 투강낚시, 사발모지 등으로 담수어와 반철수어를 채금하였다. 채집된 어류는 어종별로 분류한 다음 어체부위별로 흡충류 피낭유충의 기생상을 조사함과 동시에 신선한 어육 1 gram당 피설유충를 계산하여 감염정도를 추정하였다. 대종천에서 채집된 담수어는 붕어, 꼬치동자개, 버들치, 납지리, 메기 등 5종이었고. 반광수어는 은어와 숭어 2종이 었다. 채집된 7종의 어류에서 4종의 흡충류 피설유충, Exorchis cviformis, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus yokogawai, Metorchis orientalis와 소속미정 유충을 검출할 수 있었다. 인체에 기생하는 횡천흡충 피예유충은 수은의 담수어, 붕어, 봉치동자개, 떠들치와 1종의 반철수산어, 은어에서 검출할 수 있었으며, 그 기생률은 어종별로 크게 달랐다. 어흉 1 gram당 횡천흡충 피예유충의 평균수는 붕어, 꼬치동자개, 버들치에서는 모두 1개 이하였는데 비하여 은어에서는 109.2개로서 담수어보다 반섬수어에서 그 수가 많았다. 이상의 성적으로 미루어 보아 경북 대종천에 서식하고 있는 담수어와 반함수어의 회를 생식하면 횡천흡충에 감업될 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate fast-food consumption and it's nutrient density, and the correlation between subject's characteristics and consumption frequency of fast-foods among middle school students. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 male and 190 female students in Cheongju city. The data were analyzed using SAS and statistics used were percent of frequency, $X^2$-test, t-test, and pearson's correlation coefficient. The main reasons for using fast-food restaurants were 'good taste' and 'convenience'. The major concerns when the subjects choose fast-foods were 'taste ($65.9\%$), price ($20.3\%$) and 'nutrition'($6.0\%$). The consumption pattern of fast-foods go as follows: twice a month ($42.3\%$), once a week ($31.5\%$), and less than once a week. The number of fast food items that the subjects ate for one meal was two ($46.0\%$) or three ($33.2\%$). The most frequently chosen combination of foods for number of two choices was beefburger and cola. The mean average energy intake from fast foods for one meal was 620.7 kcal for male, 504.5 kcal for female. The energy ratio of carbohydrate : protein fat from fast foods was 49 : 14 : 43, which means fat intake is much higher than recommended level ($20\%$). Fiber was appeared to be the lowest on the nutrient density which was $17.7\%$ of the recommended level for Koreans, vitamin C was next ($22.8\%$ for male, $20.1\%$ for female). In mineral, iron was the lowest ($71.8\%$ for male, $67.1\%$ for female), and protein was over $100\%$ for both males and females. Frequency of fast food intake was positively correlated with eating frequency of the salty, the sweets, him, caffeine containing foods, instant noodles, and cookies. In conclusion, frequent consumption of fast foods can lead unbalanced nutrient intakes for middle school students, and those who consumed fast foods frequently showed undesirable food habits in their daily meal. Therefore, nutrition education for middle school students should be needed to encourage them to choose more nutritious food and have healthier dietary pattern.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.237-249
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• 2002

This study was done to evaluate the nutritional status and the desirable time and period for making dietary records in male high school Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient and flood intake was investigated using dietary record method during usual training (UT, for 29 days) and special training (ST, for 17 days) periods in nine Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient intake by 7-d and 3-d dietary record were compared to the standard nutrient intake, which was computed from dietary record during total period of UT or ST. Total mean energy intake was 2278 kcal, 84% of RDA, and mean intakes of riboflavin, Ca and Fe were less than 77% of RDA. Mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, thiamin, riboflavin, and P decreased during ST (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Mean intakes of vegetables and grains ware the highest in the two periods and following were beverages and instant floods in UT, and meats and fruits in ST. During ST, mean intakes of mushrooms, meats and their products, and instant floods decreased, and sugars and sweets increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The contribution of grains and their products, instant floods, and meats and their products to mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat were high. In snacks, the contribution of instant floods, breads and confections and beverages was high. During UT, cholesterol intake at weeks 1 and 3, and intakes of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin at week 4 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Intakes of VA, Ca and Fe at week 1, and intakes of carbohydrates, cholesterol rind crude fiber at week 4 by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). During ST, VC intake at week 5, and energy intake from carbohydrate and cholesterol intake at week 6 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Cholesterol intake at week 7, and energy intake from carbohydrates and fat, and intakes of protein, fat, cholesterol and riboflavin by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 o. p < 0.01). In conclusion, empty-calorie floods can be a main source of diet and snacks for Taekwondo athletes, and education about desirable nutrients and floods intakes is needed to help them control their weight. When investigating the nutritional status of Taekwondo athletes in the future, the 7-day or 3-day dietary record is desirable provided they are conducted in the milddle of each period artier distinguishing UT from ST period.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.303-313
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• 2003

다이옥신은 단일 화학물질이 아니라 비슷한 화학적 구조와 독성작용을 갖는 화학물질들의 그룹이다. 다이옥신 중에 가장 많은 연구가 이루어졌고 독성도 강한 물질이 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)인데, 다이옥신 혼합체의 독성을 평가할 때는 각 물질 별로 TCDD에 대한 상대독성을 고려하여 독성등가계수(TEQ)라는 지표를 만들어 사용한다. 일반인들의 평균적인 혈중 다이옥신에 대한 기준값은 명확하게 제시되지는 않고 있으나 관련 연구들을 종합할 때 대략 10-20 ppt $I-TEQ_{DF}$ 범위를 일반인의 평균적인 수준으로 볼 수 있다. 오염 가능지역의 주민들의 혈중 다이옥신 값은 지역에 따라 차이가 있으나 대부분 20ppt $I-TEQ_{DF}$ 이상의 값을 나타내고 있으며 특히 오염이 심한 지역의 주민들의 경우에는 직업적인 노출이 없는 일반 주민들임에도 불구하고 혈중 다이옥신 농도가 약 50 ppt $I-TEQ_{DF}$까지 상승할 수 있다. 다이옥신의 건강영향에 관해서는 수많은 역학적 연구들이 수행되었지만 혈액내에서 TCDD를 직접 측정하여 인체 노출을 비교적 정확하게 평가한 사업장 코호트나 세베소 지역 주민 코호트에서 나온 결과들이 보다 많은 신뢰를 받고 있다. 다이옥신 노출에 따른 건강영향은 크게 암발생과 암을 제외한 건강영향으로 구분할 수 있다. 국제암연구기구(IARC)나 미국 환경보호청(EPA) 모두 TCDD를 인체 발암물질로 분류하고 있으나 역학적 증거들이 충분한 상태는 아니다. TCDD를 제외한 나머지 다이옥신에 대해서는 IARC에서 발암성의 증거가 불충분한 물질(Group 3)로 분류하고 있다. 대부분의 장기에서 다이옥신의 건강영향에 대한 조사가 이루어져 왔다. 현재까지 비교적 다이옥신 노출과 관련성이 높은 것으로 평가되고 있는 것은 염소성여드름, 간 효소의 하나인 GGT의 상승, 그리고 생식호르몬의 변화 등이다. 그밖에 지질농도, 당뇨, 면역학적 영향, 심혈관계에 대한 영향, 갑상선기능, 신경계에 대한 영향, 소아 발달에 대한 영향 등에 대해서는 역학 연구들이 일관된 결과를 보여주지 못하고 있기 때문에 계속적인 연구를 필요로 하고 있다. 다이옥신의 독성은 수많은 동물실험을 통해 증명이 되었으나 인간을 대상으로 한 역학적 연구는 아직 기대만큼 명료한 결과들을 제시해주지 못하고 있다. 그러나 IARC나 EPA모두 인체발암물질로 분류하였고 다양한 건강영향에 대한 증거들이 있는 것은 분명한 만큼 다이옥신 노출을 최소화하려는 노력을 게을리 해서는 안 될 것이다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.560-569
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the annual differences in food habits and dietary attitudes of new female college students enrolled in the department of food and nutrition for 6 years by questionnaire. The results were as follows: age, height, weight and body mass index(BMI) were no significant annual differences over study period. The average ratios of underweight, normal weight and above overweight groups classified by the BMI standard were 19.4%, 64.4% and 16.2%, respectively. There were no significant annual differences in the scores of food habits and dietary attitudes. The intake of milk showed the lowest scores among all the food habit items and the same annual tendencies for 6 years. Among food groups items, the mean intake scores of milk(p<0.01), fats and oils(p<0.001) and vegetables(p<0.05) differed significantly by year. Specifically, the intake scores of milk and vegetables decreased gradually throughout the study period and were significantly lower in 2008 than in 2003. Among dietary habits, the mean intake scores of sweets were significantly lower in 2003 and 2007 than in other years(p<0.001), and the mean intake scores of instant frozen foods were significantly higher in 2006 than during other years(p<0.05). The sum of health related items in 2007 was significantly lower than those during other years, and this was likely due to the lowest scores both of eating-out and alcohol intake in 2007 than in other years. Among dietary attitudes, the mean score of item 'Price of food is more important than nutrition.' was significantly lower in 2005(p<0.05). Food habit scores showed significantly positive correlation with dietary habits(r=0.733, p<0.01), food groups related habits(r=0.720, p<0.01), lifestyle related disease related habits(r=0.518, p<0.01), health related habits(r=0.422, p<0.01). Food habits and dietary attitudes showed highly significantly positive linear correlations each other(r=0.426, p<0.01). Dietary habits and food groups related habits showed highly significantly positive linear correlations(r=0.366, p<0.01). These results showed the same annual tendency with respect to food habit and dietary attitudes in newly enrolled college female students for 6 years. It is expected that food habit and dietary attitudes will be improved if systemic and proficient nutrition education is provided during their college period.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.455-463
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• 2011

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of skipping breakfast on diet quality and metabolic disease risk factors in healthy Korean adults. Subjects included 415 employees (118 men, 297 women; 30-50 years old) of Jaesang Hospital in Korea and their acquaintances. Data collected from each subject included anthropometric measurements, 3-day dietary intake, blood pressure, and blood analyses. The subjects were classified into three groups based on the number of days they skipped breakfast: 'Regular breakfast eater', 'Often breakfast eater', or 'Rare breakfast eater'. Participants in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed less rice, potatoes, kimchi, vegetables, fish and shellfish, milk and dairy products, and sweets than did participants in the other two groups (P for trend <0.05) and ate more cookies, cakes, and meat for dinner (P for trend <0.05). Participants in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed less daily energy, fat, dietary fiber, calcium, and potassium than did participants in the other groups (P for trend <0.05). The percent energy from carbohydrates was lower and fat intake was higher in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group than in the other groups (P for trend <0.01). When diets were compared using the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Koreans, 59.1% of subjects in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group consumed more energy from fat compared with the other two groups (P <0.005). According to the Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, intake of selected nutrients was lower in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group than in the other two groups (P <0.05). The risk of elevated serum triglycerides was decreased in the 'Rare breakfast eater' group (OR, 0.3 [0.1-1.0], P for trend=0.0232). We conclude that eating breakfast regularly enhances diet quality, but may increase the risk of elevated serum triglycerides.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.152-161
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• 2011

Koreans have undergone many changes in dietary patterns with economic growth. The purpose of this research was to examine changes in dietary patterns using data from the 1998, 2001, and 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study included 21,525 subjects (8,295 from 1998, 6,880 from 2001, and 6,350 from 2005) who were 20 years or older and who participated in a 24-h diet recall. The percentage energy intake from 22 food groups was calculated, and a cluster analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Two dietary patterns emerged; the first pattern was characterized by high intake of white rice, legumes, vegetables, kimchi, and seaweeds, the so-called "traditional" pattern (53%), whereas the other pattern was characterized by high intake of other grains, noodle dumplings, floured bread, pizza, hamburgers, cereals and snacks, potatoes, sugared sweets, nuts, fruits, meat·its products, eggs, fish, milk and dairy products, oils, beverages and seasoning, or the so-called "modified" pattern. The modified pattern comprised a higher proportion of younger aged, metropolitan residents with more education and higher incomes. However, the gender distribution was not significantly different. The modified pattern had a significantly higher intake of all nutrients except carbohydrates and had a higher proportion of energy from fat and protein. No association with a risk for metabolic syndrome was found for either dietary pattern. After age was standardized, the traditional pattern included 52% of the respondents in 1998, 54% in 2001, and 50% in 2005. However, the modified pattern was significantly more prevalent in the younger age group (20-29 yr), whereas the traditional pattern increased significantly in the older age group (${\geq}$ 65 yr). In conclusion, a secular trend was found for dietary pattern by age group, suggesting that it is necessary to monitor the changes in dietary pattern by age group and to develop appropriate dietary education and guidelines.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.68-78
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• 2000

국내에서는 식품수급표와 국민영양조사가 지난 수십년에 걸쳐 두개의 중앙부처에서 각각 수행되어 왔다. 그러나 근년에 들어와 두가지 통계자료간의 격차가 수용할 수 없는 수준에 도달하고 있다. 그 이유로서는 지난 30년간 공업화 및 도시화에 따른 식습관의 급격한 변화에도 불구하고 조사방법의 개선이 뒤따르지 못했기 때문으로 추정된다. 따라서 현재 이용가능한 국민영양조사에 의한 식품소비량 데이타를 식품수급표를 감안하면서 최적화하였다. 최근 1991-95년 기간중 개별 식품항목의 조정 소비량이 곡류, 감자류, 당류제품, 두류, 견과종실류, 과일류, 채소류, 육류, 난류, 우유제품, 유지류 및 수산물에 대하여 제안되었다. 소맥제품, 두류제품, 김치류 및 우유제품을 포함하는 가공식품에서는 그들의 원료성분으로 계산하기 위한 잠정적인 환산계수를 제안하였다. 식품들의 공급량 데이타와 섭취량 데이타 간의 큰 편차는 국민영양조사에서 계절적 차이와 아울러 가공식품 및 외식에 의한 섭취량이 무시되었기때문으로 지적되었다. 여기에서 제안하는 조정된 식품소비량 데이타는 앞으로 새로운 절차에 의한 국민건강영양조사 결과가 나와 검증될 때까지 평균소비량을 위한 국가대표치로 활용되기를 기대한다.