• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2000

To understand the variation and transport pattern of suspended matters, salinity, tidal current and suspended matters in semiclosed Muan Bay have been monitored during winter and summer. The suspended matters show considerably seasonal variations with low concentration and homogeneity in the water column during winter season, but with high concentration and layering during summer season. Particularly, during summer season, the freshwater and the suspended matters influxed by the gate operation of the Youngsan River sea-dike are transported northward in accordance with the would flow into the inner-bay by relaxed flood currents after the construction of sea-dike and sea-walls in the Mokpo coastal zone. But, in the south bay-mouth, those matters outflow through the bay-mouth, resulting from tidal ebb dominance and asymmetry in the west bay-mouth. The residual suspended matter flux is much higher in the south bay-mouth(-0.0955kg/m ${\cdot}$ sec) than that of west bay-mouth(0.0078kg1m ${\cdot}$ sec). Accordingly, The Muan Bay is interpreted as erosion-dominated environments, and the erosion somewhat progresses in the intertidal flat of the bay.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.60-65
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• 1986

Atmospheric particulates were collected at a site near the front gate of the Yonsei University using nine stages Andersen air sampler and the distribution of seasonal particle size was investigated. Rubber, Pb and Zn contents of the collected particulates in each stage were determined. Particle size distribution of atmospheric particulate, which was made by concentration distribution curve method, was usually divided into two groups, course (particles larger than 1 - 2 $\mu m in diameter$) and fine (particles smaller than 1 - 2 \mu m in diameter$) groups, regardless of sampling period. More than 80 percent of the total rubber contents in atmospheric particulates were larger than $5 \mu m$ in diameter, meaning that most of rubber particles were originated from tire tread. After benzene extraction for 4 hrs, the extracts were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography for rubber content. Pb and Zn contents were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The annual average concentration of rubber particles was $4.2 \mu g/m^3$, which corresponded to 2.2% of the annual average total suspended particulates. Average concentration of styrene brtadiene rubber was about five times that of natural rubber. Annual average concentrations of Pb and Zn were $1.2 \mu g/m^3 and 0.4 \mu g/m^3$ respectively, which corresponded to about 0.7% and 0.2% of the annual average total suspended particulates.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.348-354
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimation of change characteristics for water quality by the dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary. The estimation data made use of surveyed data in Keum River estuary by NERDI (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) during $1990\~1999$. Shown to compare water quality changes at st. A and st. D in Figure 1, the concentrations of TSS, COD and nutrients at st. A were as high as about $2\~4$ times than those at st. D due to affection of fresh water discharge in the Keum River. The percentages of water quality change at surface water by dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary were shown that TSS (Total Suspended Solid) was decrease to $56\%,\;47\%$ at st. A and D, and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) was increase to $68\%,\;71\%$ at st. A and D, respectively. The changes percentage of DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) by dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary were increase high to $95\%$ at surface water and $7\sim30\%$ at bottom water, but those of DIP (Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus) were increase to $2.8\sim8.6\%$ at surface water and $28\%$ at bottom water. The range of fluctuation for water quality at each station by dyke gate operation has shown that salinity and TSS are little better than before dyke gate operation, but COD show highly fluctuation. Also we studied estimation of characteristics of water quality change by the season, COD was increased except the summer, TSS was decreased to all season. DIN was increased to about $61\sim172.1\%$ for all season, but DIP was increased to the spring and decreased to the autumn, DIN enrichment in the estuary by dyke gate operation are interpreted to improvement of organic matter decomposition and nitrification by increasing the residence time and to increase nutrient flux in sediments due to decreasing dissolved oxygen and increasing a deposit matter.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.79-80
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• 2007

A high performance organic phototransistor with dynamic range of 120 dB is demonstrated by employing soluble pentacene as a photo-sensing layer. The organic phototransistor used suspended source/drain (SSD) electrode structure, which provides a dark current level of ${\sim}10^{-14}$ A at positive gate bias. Under a steady-state illumination, the organic phototransistor exhibited a current modulation of $10^6$ compared to dark to give a dynamic range of 120 dB. These results suggest that the organic phototransistor based on TIPS pentacene can be a new premising candidate for low-cost and high-performance photo-sensing element for digital imaging applications.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.493-493
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• 2017

부유사 수리실험에서 부유사의 농도를 측정하는 것은 불확실성이 매우 크다. Einstein(1950)은 유사의 pickup function 결정에서 이러한 불확실성 때문에 유사입자의 거동을 발생시키는 양력의 확률을 적용하기도 하였다. 일반적으로 부유사의 측정은 부유사 채집기를 통해 수행하지만, 시간적으로 비효율 적이며, 채집 시 채집기의 부피로 인한 난류 발생으로 채집 후 흐름 변화가 발생할 수 있다. 수리실험의 규모라면 이 문제는 더욱 부각될 수 있다. 연속적인 부유사의 농도 측정을 위해 이러한 점은 개선되어야 하는 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 유사 실험의 이러한 단점을 극복하고자 image processing 기법을 적용하였다. Image processing은 부유사의 농도가 증가할수록 탁도가 증가하는 특성을 이용하여, 부유사 농도를 추정하는 방법이다. 이 과정에서 RGB(Red-Green-Blue)로 색을 표시하는 방식에서 image를 변환하여 gray scale로 전환해야 하며, 파(wave)의 전파에 의한 image 결과의 변형은 없다고 가정하였다. Gray scale과 탁도와의 관계를 도출하기 위해 하상에 유사를 포설하고, 단파(surge)를 발생 시켰다. 실험은 길이 12.0m, 폭 0.8m, 높이 0.75m의 개수로에서 수행하였으며, 수로 상류에 sluice형 gate를 급격하게 개방하는 것으로 단파를 재현하였다. 탁도 측정을 위해 유사 채집기를 이용하였으며, 상기에서 제시한 흐름 교란문제로, 1지점에서 1개의 시간동안만 채집을 수행하였으며, image의 촬영을 병행하였다. 또한 data의 정확도를 높이기 위해 3번의 반복실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 gray scale과 탁도와는 일정한 관계가 나타났으며, 이를 토대로 gray scale-SSC(suspended sediment concentration)와의 관계를 도출하였다. Bayesian 분석을 이용하여 image processing의 보정(확률적 보정)을 추가적으로 수행하였다. 최종적으로 실측한 값과 image processing을 통한 값을 1:1 curve를 통해 비교하였으며, 약 9%의 평균 오차가 발생하여, image processing과 bayesian 적용을 통한 부유사 농도 측정은 신뢰할 만한 결과를 도출하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.472-484
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• 2008

The calibrated Andong Reservoir hydro-dynamic module (PART I) of the 2-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 [v3.2], was applied to examine the dynamics of total phosphorus, and chlorophyll $\alpha$ concentration within Andong Reservoir. The modeling effort was supported with the data collected in the field for a five year period. In general, the model achieved a good accuracy throughout the calibration period for both chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ and total phosphorus concentration. The greatest deviation in algal concentration occurred on $10^{th}$ October, starting at the layer just beneath the surface layer and extending up to the depth of 35 m. This deviation is principally attributed to the effect of temperature on the algal growth rate. Also, on the same date, the model over-predicts hypolimnion and epilimnion total phosphorus concentration but under-predicts the high concentrated plume in the metalimnion. The large amount of upwelling of finer suspended solid particles, and re-suspension of the sediments laden with phosphorus, are thought to have caused high concentration in the epilimnion and hypolimnion, respectively. Nevertheless, the model well reproduced the seasonal dynamics of both chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentration. Also, the model tracked the interflow of high phosphorus concentration plume brought by the turbid discharge during the Asian summer monsoon season. Two different hypothetical discharge scenarios (discharge from epilimnetic, and hypolimnetic layers) were analyzed to understand the response of total phosphorus interflow plume on the basis of differential discharge gate location. The simulated results showed that the hypolimnetic discharge gate operation ($103{\sim}113\;m$) was the most effective reservoir structural control method in quickly discharging the total phosphorus plume (decrease of in-reservoir concentration by 219% than present level).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2006

We have presented a nanoelectromechanical (NEM) model based on atomistic simulations. Our models were applied to a NEM device as called a nanotube random access memory (NRAM) operated by an atomistic capacitive model including a tunneling current model. We have performed both static and dynamic analyses of a NRAM device. The turn-on voltage obtained from molecular dynamics simulations was less than the half of the turn-on voltage obtained from the static simulation. Since the suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) oscillated with the amplitude for the oscillation center under an externally applied force, the quantity of the CNT-gold interaction in the static analysis was different from that in the dynamic analysis. When the gate bias was applied, the oscillation centers obtained from the static analysis were different from those obtained from the dynamics analysis. Therefore, for the range of the potential difference that the CNT-gold interaction effects in the static analysis were negligible, the vibrations of the CNT in the dynamics analysis significantly affected the CNT-gold interaction energy and the turn-on voltage. The turn-on voltage and the tunneling resistance obtained from our tunneling current model were in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical works.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2009

We present a direct simulation technique for two-dimensional mold-filling simulations of fluids filled with a large number of circular disk-like rigid particles. It is a direct simulation in that the hydrodynamic interaction between particles and fluid is fully considered. We employ a pseudo-concentration method for the evolution of the flow front and the DLM (distributed Lagrangian multipliers)-like fictitious domain method for the implicit treatment of the hydrodynamic interaction. Both methods allow the use of a fixed regular discretization during the entire computation. The discontinuous Galerkin method has been used to solve the concentration evolution equation and the rigid-ring description has been introduced for freely suspended particles. A buffer zone, the gate region of a finite area subject to the uniform velocity profile, has been introduced to put discrete particles into the computational domain avoiding any artificial discontinuity. From example problems of 450 particles, we investigated the particle motion and effects of particles on the flow for both Newtonian and shear-thinning fluid media. We report the prolonged particle movement toward the wall in case of a shear-thinning fluid, which has been interpreted with the shear rate distribution.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.83-96
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• 2012

The origins of beaches at Byeonsan Peninsular, as a pocket type, are classified to a sand barrier type and wave-cut type. The beaches had developed by the deposition of the silt and clay layers on the 10m height from sea level in the inner bay during climax era of postglacial transgression. At that time, some sands had blown toward the inland hills to form aeolian deposits. After postglacial sea-level stabilization, sometimes, there has been the negative budget of beach materials. Recently, beaches have been transformed by human impact such as construction of Saemangeum sea-wall, especially in the Byeonsan and Gosapo beaches being close to the sea-wall. So the speed of tidal currents become slower and comparatively depositoinal activity stronger. And the level of chemical weathering has been higher. In Byeonsan beach, the ratio of coarse sand decreased with higher ratio of finer materials and by beach erosion dissected runnels developed, running parallel to the coastline. In Gosapo beach, supply of suspended materials are increased through the Garyeok drainage gate, the sands tend to be finer.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.255-265
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• 1999

CTD castings and current observations are taken in June, July and October, 1997 and May and July, 1998 to investigate the effect of the Keum River dyke on the structure of physical properties and the type of the Keum River estuary. Tide and tidal current relation shows that the ebbing is longer than the flooding by 1.5 hours with the early current reversing before high tide. In the rainy season (May to July), frequent large fresh water discharge during the ebbing from the dyke changes vertical salinity difference and time variation of salinity greatly near the head of the estuary, where salinity becomes lower than 2‰ in summer fresh water flooding. Halocline developed by the fresh water discharge makes two-layer structure, of which strength and depth increase in the low tide. The relationship between tide phase and surface salinity variation shows the phase lag of 2.5 hours near the head of the estuary but the standing wave relation down the estuary. This phase lag implies that a low salinity water diluted by the fresh water discharge for 2-3 hours in the ebb period moves with tidal excursion. In the dry season, vertical salinity difference reduces significantly. We calculate stratification and circulation parameters using the observed salinity structure, surface current and fresh water discharge. The Keum River estuary shows a partially mixed type, changing the stratification parameter from the rainy to the dry season. Mean flows of observed tidal current at lower and upper layer are landward and seaward, which are consistent with the circulation of a partially mixed estuary. Based upon the estuary type and circulation we suggest that the suspended materials will move toward the upstream due to low-layer mean flow and then the Keum River estuary will be a deposit environment.