• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.539-543
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• 2014

Foam type porous silicon carbide ceramics were fabricated by a polymer replica method using polyurethane foam, carbon black, phenol resin, and silicon powder as raw materials. The influence of the C/Si mole ratio of the ceramic slurry and heat treatment temperature on the porous silicon carbide microstructure was investigated. To characterize the microstructure of porous silicon carbide ceramics, BET, bulk density, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses were employed. The results revealed that the surface area of the porous silicon carbide ceramics decreases with increased heat treatment temperature and carbon content at the $2^{nd}$ heat treatment stage. The addition of carbon to the ceramic slurry, which was composed of phenol resin and silicon powder, enhanced the direct carbonization reaction of silicon. This is ascribed to a consequent decrease of the wetting angles of carbon to silicon with increasing heat treatment temperature.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.17 no.6 s.85
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

Conventional pad- dry-cure(thermo-fixation) process usually produces functional performance on both sides of a fabric. UV curing technique was applied to impart water- and oil-repellent finish effective only on the face of a PET knitted fabric. The preferential one-side coating, by virtue of the limited penetration of UV light, was achieved by W curing after padding of a fluorocarbon agent without special coating or printing equipments. The difference in the functional property of face and back sides was examined by measuring water and oil repellency at each side of the treated fabric. The influence of pre/post-irradiation dose and agent concentration on the performance of the finished fabrics were investigated. While increase in both resin concentration and post-irradiation did not have significant effect on the finish, UV pre-irradiation of PET fabrics caused remarkable influence presumably due to appropriate surface modification of PET fabrics required for facile wetting of the resin. The dimensional stability and color change of the UV cured fabrics measured by FAST and reflectance spectrophotometry showed significantly decreased color difference and increased percent extension compared with the samples pre-irradiated without agent application.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 2006

This paper deals with the effects of various moisture environments on the structural behavior of concrete beams. The presented results were obtained within a large experimental program carried out at the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chauss$\acute{e}$es (LCPC), with Electricit$\acute{e}$ de France (EDF) as a partner. The aim of this paper is to point out and to quantify the strains resulting from unidirectional moisture conditions: a drying gradient applied during 14 months, followed by the re-wetting of the dried surface during 9 months. The effect of reinforcement on the shrinkage and on the deformation due to water absorption is pointed out. Moreover, a lot of tests on companion cylinders and prisms were carried out to determine the mechanical characteristics of the material and help checking analysis methods. The paper focuses on numerous measurements obtained during the 23 months on one plain concrete beam and one reinforced concrete beam: variation of water content, followed by precise weighing and gammadensitometry, relative humidity measurements, local and global deformations in the three directions and deflection of the beams. Thus, the effects of drying and water absorption on the behavior of concrete structures are documented and analyzed in comparison with existing representation of water diffusion.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.621-626
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• 2006

Regenerative evaporative cooling is known as an environment-friendly and energy efficient cooling method. A regenerative evaporative cooler (REC) consisting of dry and wet channels is able to cool down the air stream below the inlet wet-bulb temperature. In the regenerative evaporative cooler, the cooling effect is achieved by redirecting a portion of the air flown out of the dry channel into the wet channel and spraying water onto the redirected air. In this study, a horizontal regenerative cooler is considered. In the horizontal regenerative cooler, the flow direction of evaporating water has a right angle to the flow direction of supply air. This difference was investigated with visualization technique and simplified 2-module performance test was done in a thermo-environment chamber. Optimum design configuration is changed due to the wet channel which are easily fully covered with evaporating water and block the air flow inside the channel. Applying the optimized fin configuration design with the highly wetting surface treatment, a regenerative evaporative cooler was fabricated and tested to Identify the cooling performance improvement and operation characteristics. From the experimental results at the intake condition of $32^{\circ}C$ and 50% RH, the supply temperature was measured to be around $23.4^{\circ}C$. The cooling effectiveness based on the inlet dewpoint temperature was evaluated 73% which is almost close to the design expectation.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.461-469
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• 2022

One of the most important factors that should be considered for using any ground improvement technique is the stability of stabilized soil and the durability of the provided solution for getting the required engineering properties. Generally, most of the earth structures that are constructed on clayey soils are exposing movements due to the long periods of drying or wetting cycles. Over time, environmental changes may result in swells or settlements for these structures. In order to mitigate this problem, this research has been performed on mixtures of high plasticity clay with traditional additives such as lime, cement and non-traditional additives such as polypropylene fiber. The purpose of the research is to assess the most appropriate ground improvement technique by using commercially available additives for resisting the developed desiccation cracks during the drying process and resisting the volume changes that may result during wet/dry cycles as an attempt to simulate the changes of environmental conditions. The results show that the fiber-reinforced samples have the lowest volumetric deformation in comparision with cement and lime stabilized samples, and the optimum fiber content is identified as 0.38%. In addition, the desiccation cracks were not visible on the samples' surface for both unreinforced and chemically stabilized samples. Regarding cracks resistance resulting from the desiccation process, it is observed, that the resistance is connected with the fiber content and increases with the increase of the fiber inclusion, and the optimum content is between 1% and 1.5%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.248-249
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• 2014

Photocatalytic cement is receiving attention due to its high oxidation power that oxidizes nitrogen oxides (NOx), thus contributing to clean atmospheric environment. However, there has not been a thorough investigation on durability of a parent material, cementitious material, as a result of photocatalytic reactions. In this study, durability of photocatalytic cementitious materials exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) gas was examined. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles containing cement paste samples were exposed to cycles of NO₂ with UV light, followed by wetting and drying to simulate environmental condition. The surface of samples was characterized mechanically, chemically, and visually during the cycling. The results indicate that the photocatalytic efficiency decreased with continued NO₂ oxidation due to calcium carbonate formation. The pits found from SEM demonstrate that chemical deterioration have occurred, such as acid attack or leaching. In conclusion, the photocatalytic reactions and its product could alter cementitious materials chemically and mechanically which could further affect long-term durability.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2019

The field measurement and laboratory experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of reducing the surface temperature of the functional aspect of the heat island phenomenon of the permeable block which is made the recycled synthetic resin rather than the existing concrete permeable block. Field measurement was taken for 3 days in consideration of dry condition and wet condition and laboratory experiment was divided into dry condition, rainfall simulating condition, and wetting condition. The variations of temperature and the evaporation rate of water moisture content after experiment were confirmed. As a result of field measurement, it is confirmed that the surface temperature decreases due to the difference in albedo of the pore block surface rather than the cooling effect due to the latent heat of vaporization. The evaporation of moisture in a dry state where drought persisted or a certain level of moisture was not maintained in the surface layer. As a result of laboratory experiment, resin permeable block gives higher surface temperature when it is dry condition than concrete permeable block, but the evaporation of water in the pore is kept constant by capillary force in rainfall simulation condition, and higher temperature reduction rate. As a result of measuring the evaporation rate after laboratory experiment, it is confirmed that the effect of reducing temperature is increased as the evaporation rate of water is higher. Based on these results, correlation formula for evaporation rate and temperature reduction rate is derived.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.207-214
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• 2002

Nano adhesion between SPM (scanning probe microscope) tips and $DDPO_{4}$ (dodecylphosphoric acid ester) and $ODPO_{4}$ (octadecylphosphoric acid ester) SAM (self-assembled monolayer) was experimentally studied. Tests were performed to measure the nano adhesion and friction in both AFM(atomic force microscope) and LFM(lateral force microscope) modes with the applied normal load. $DDPO_{4}$ and $ODPO_{4}$ SAM were formed on TiMe and TiOx surfaces. TiMe and TiOx were coated on the Si wafer by ion sputtering. Adhesion and friction of $DDPO_{4}$ and $ODPO_{4}$ SAM surfaces were compared with those of OTS (octadecyltrichlorosilane) SAM and DLC surfaces. $DDPO_{4}$ and $ODPO_{4}$ SAM converted the TiMe and TiOx surfaces to be hydrophobic. When the surface was hydrophobic, the adhesion and friction forces were found lower than those of bare surfaces. Work of adhesion was also discussed to explain how the surface was converted into hydrophobic. Results also showed that tribological characteristics of $DDPO_{4}$ and $ODPO_{4}$ had good properties in the adhesion, friction, wetting angle and work of adhesion. $DDPO_{4}$ and $ODPO_{4}$ SAM could be one of the candidates for the bio-MEMS elements.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2007

Offset printing is one of the well known printing technique of lithographic process and consists of image area and 'non-image area on a flat image carrier. The surface tension of dampening water can be controlled by adding IPA after mixing of raw water and etching solution. The etching solution contains a surfactant for reducing surface energy, a clean agent for non-imaging area, wetting agent for protecting non-imaging area from oil components like ink and also an emulsifying agent for controlling emulsification. In this study, the present situation of dampening water maintenance has examined by collecting dampening water using at domestic companies. The pH related to dampening water, conductivity, contact angle, emulsification curve are measured to define the current situation of dampening water control of each companies and to analyze the relationship among measured properties. In the study most of companies among 16 printing companies tested controlling dampening water through pH value. However, the quality of printing has varied depending upon conductivity, contact angle, IPA content, and emulsification value. The control of dampening water should be carry at the state of the standard when adding proper ratio of etching solution. It would be more effective when pH or conductivity control carries out in parallel with controlling dampening water. Therefore the concept that pH5.5 is correct is based concept. Based on these initial tests it is defined that the standardization of dampening water control is required.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.81-114
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• 1999

The strain, surface and inerfacial energies of III-V ternary systems were calculated for three kinds of structure modes: the Frank-van der Merwe (FM) mode, the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) mode an the Volmer-Wever (VW) mode. The free energy for each mode was estimated as functions of the thickness and composition or lattice misfit. Through comparison of the free energy of each mode, it was found that the thickness-composition phase diagrams of III-V ternary systems can be determined only by considering the balance of the free energy and three kinds of structure modes appear in the phase diagrams. The SK mode appears only when the lattice misfit is large and/or the lattice layer is thick. The most stable structure of the SK mode is a cluster with four lattice layers or minimum thickness on a wetting layer of increasing lattice layers. The VW mode appears when the lattice misfit is large and the lattice layer is thin and only in the InPSb/InP and GaPSb/GaP systems which have the largest lattice misfit of III-V ternary systems. The stable region of the SK mode in the GaPSb/GaP and InPSb/InP phase diagrams is largest of all because the composition dependence of the strain energy of these systems is stronger than that of the other systems. The critical number of lattice layers below which tow-dimensional (2D) layers precede the three-dimensional (3D) nucleation in the SK mode at x=1.0 depnds on the lattice misfit.