• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.41-57
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• 1997

The present study investigated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on periodontal wound healing of replanted rat tooth. 80 rats (Sprague-Dawley strain) weighting $130{\pm}5gm$ were selected and divided into experimental and control group, each group consisting of 40 rats. Rats were administered 0.4% ${\beta}$-aminoproprionitrile for 5 days to achieve gentle tooth extraction. The maxillary first molars were extracted under anesthesia with pentobarbital, washed in sterile distilled water, treated with bacterial collagenase to remove collagen fibers on the root surfaces. After washing in water overnight, the mesial root surface were demineralized by application of citric acid, washed, dried and stored at $4^{\circ}C$. Immediately after tooth extraction and bleeding control, the treated molars extracted previously from other rats were replanted. The experimental group was exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 2.5 atm. for 2 hrs. a day during experimental period. Eight animals of each group were sacrificed 1, 3, 6, 8, 10 days after reimplantation of teeth by intracardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. The replanted molars and surrounding tissues were cut, demineralized, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with azan, toluidine blue and hematoxylin. Some other sections were stained by means of immunostaining achieved by the avidinbiotin complex method. The results as follows; 1. Experimental group showed fast healing of gingival epithelium. 2. Macrophage and newly formed blood vessels appeared early in the gingival connective tissue of experimental group. 3. Experimental group showed fast, abundant fibroblast proliferation and regularity of collagen fiber. 4. In both group, collagen was distributed along the collagen fiber. The distribution was strong and regular in the experimental group. 5. In the regenerated periodontal ligament of experimental group, fibers showed regular arrangement and invaded root surface fast.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.565-571
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• 2010

One of the disadvantages of flooding treatment for desalting from soils is that salts move to deep soils after flooding and at the end reaccumulate at the soil surface through capillary movements. This study was carried out to remove salts from soils in plastic film houses by a modified flooding method, drainage after flooding. The method successfully removed salts at the soil surface and salts did not move to the deep soil. Drained water containing N, P and K could be reused as fertilizer. By applying small amount of MgO, turbidity of water flooded decreased in 30 min by 95%. Struvite should be formed since the flooded water contain ammonia and phosphorous and their concentrations were decreased. This could be utilized as fertilizer which provides a slow-release source of phosphorus, magnesium and nitrogen that features low inherent water solubility.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.953-960
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• 2009

The natural dyeing of fabrics with myrobalan extract was investigated. After dyeing of silk, cotton and rayon with myrobalan extract, the dyeability of myrobalan extract was evaluated with the conditions of concentration, temperature, time, repeat-numbers, pH, mordants variables, the changes of dyeability and surface colors by methods of mordanting and color fastness. The wavelength of maximum absorption of the colored solution from myrobalan extract appeared at 272 nm. Therefore, the substance of myrobalan extract was verified as tannin dyes. The optimum dyeing of fabrics was carried out at 30%(o.w.f) dye concentration. Silk fabrics dyed with myrobalan extract showed the highest K/S value at the temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ when it was dyed for seventy minutes, while cotton and rayon fabrics showed the highest K/S value at the temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ when they were dyed for seventy minutes and thirty minutes, respectively. Dyeing operation was carried out in acidic dyebath of pH 3. The K/S value of silk fabric was higher in pre-mordant stage than in post-mordant, while the K/S values of cotton and rayon fabrics were higher in post-mordant stage. The surface colors of dyed fabrics were different according to used mordants: Al and Cu mordanted fabrics were dyed in yellowish colors, while Fe mordanted fabric was dyed in khaki-black color. Light-fastness of the color fastness was improved in Fe-mordant. Washing-fastness was relatively good, and dry cleaning-fastness of dyed fabrics was excellent.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.224-232
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• 2010

The natural dyeing of fabrics with persimmon juice(astringent persimmon, sweet persimmon, astringent and sweet persimmon mix) was investigated. After dyeing of cotton and silk fabrics with persimmon juice, we evaluated the dyeability of persimmon juice, the observation of fabric surface with high magnification video microscope, physical properties and color fastness with the conditions of repeating times of dyeing and variables of mordants. The results obtained from this study were as follows: The fabrics dyed with astringent persimmon have shown the highest color difference, while the fabrics dyed with sweet persimmon and the fabrics dyed with astringent and sweet persimmon mix have shown similar color differences. With the increase of repeating times of dyeing, the brightness of fabric decreased. However, $a^*$ value increased gradually, so that it became dark brown color. The $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of dyed fabrics with Fe-mordant have dropped significantly, so that they have shown achromatic colors. But the fabrics treated with other mordants have shown yellowish brown colors. On the surface of the fabrics, threads were bonded together by the viscosity of persimmon juice. Regardless of the types of persimmon juice, stiffness was increased after dying, while crease resistance was decreased. The water repellency of silk fabrics were improved than cotton fabrics after dyeing with sweet persimmon juice, but in case of cotton, it hasn't changed. Washing fastness was improved with the EM(Effective Microorganism)-fermented liquid treatment, and rubbing fastness of two fabrics was better in dry condition than in wet condition.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2010

Porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres (PLGA MS) have been utilized as an inhalation delivery system and a matrix scaffold system for tissue engineering. Here, gelatin (type A) is introduced as an extractable pH-responsive porogen, which is capable of controlling the porosity and pore size of PLGA microspheres. Porous PLGA microspheres were prepared by a water-in-oil-in-water ($w_1/o/w_2$) double emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The surface morphology of these microspheres was examined by varying pH (2.0~11.0) of water phases, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, their porosity and pore size were monitored by altering acidification time (1~5 h) using a phosphoric acid solution. Results showed that the pore-forming capability of gelatin was optimized at pH 5.0, and that the surface pore-formation was not significantly observed at pHs of < 4.0 or > 8.0. This was attributable to the balance between gel-formation by electrostatic repulsion and dissolution of gelatin. The appropriate time-selection between PLGA hardening and gelatin-washing out was considered as a second significant factor to control the porosity. Delaying the acidification time to ~5 h after emulsification was clearly effective to make pores in the microspheres. This finding suggests that the porosity and pore size of porous microspheres using gelatin can be significantly controlled depending on water phase pH and gelatin-removal time. The results obtained in this study would provide valuable pharmaceutical information to prepare porous PLGA MS, which is required to control the porosity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2015

This research verifies stainability, super bacteria antibacterial features and antibiotic resistance of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai (UD) extract in dye cotton cloth. UD was extracted with hot water, the test cloth dyed, and then processed by mordanting treatment using $FeSO_4$ $7H_2O$, $CuSO_4$ $5H_2O$ and $Al_2(SO_4)_3$. The surface color and color fastness of the three kinds (original cloth, the cloth without mordancy and mordant cloth) were measured and the influence of dying of cotton cloth and the mordant method on the genesistasis of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), antibiotic resistant bacteria. 1. The surface color of the cotton cloth for dyeing (without and with mordancy) displayed a reddish and yellowish color. Stainability was greatest when the mordant of $FeSO_4$ $7H_2O$ was used. 2. When a mordant was not used for dyeing, the color fastness to washing, perspiration and friction of the contaminated cloth was satisfactory at 4 to 5 grade in general. 3. As for the antibiotic effect to super bacteria, the growth of germ was meaningfully suppressed both on the cloth without and with mordancy compared to the comparison cloth; in addition, the dyeing method with the biggest antibacterial impact was found to be the mordancy with the mordant of $CuSO_4$ $5H_2O$ after dyeing. The results of the experiments that involved dyeing with UD extract showed that cotton cloth processed through mordancy with the mordant of $CuSO_4$ $5H_2O$ had the biggest antibiosis to super bacteria and that processed with the mordant of $FeSO_4$ $7H_2O$ had the greatest stainability.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.431-440
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• 2016

The purpose of this research is to revive the colors of combination dyeing and mixed dyeing with natural dyestuffs. The fabrics used were cotton and rayon. The natural dyestuffs used in this research were indigo, Phellodendron amurense, and Caesalpinia sappan. The effects of combination dyeing were as follows. First, all samples showed deeper colors. Second, according to the results of the surface K/S measurement, while the surface K/S of cotton was over 15, that of rayon was over 17. Third, the results of the light fastness measurement showed the superiority (by over grade 4) of all the samples, except in the case of rayon fiber sample no. 6 (which had been pre-dyed with indigo five times before being dyed with P. amurense once and then being dyed with C. sappan once). In the color fastness to washing measurement, all fibers showed superiority (by over grade 3~4). In addition, the color fastness to dry cleaning of all fibers was satisfactory or excellent (by over grade 3). Fourth, according to the results of the tensile strength measurement, it tended to decrease in the case of cotton and increase in the case of rayon. Fifth, the results of the density measurement showed that the density of cotton decreased by about 15~20% in the case of warp and 10% in the case of weft for all samples. The density of rayon decreased 20% in the case of warp for all samples and increased 30% in the case of weft for all samples.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.669-676
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• 2020

The purpose of this research was to revive the bathochromic effects of wool fabrics by using natural dyestuffs with minimum heavy metallic mordants. The natural dyestuffs used in this research were the indigo plant, Phellodendron amurense, and Caesalpinia sappan. Sample no. 1 was pre-dyed five times with indigo. Sample no. 2 was pre-dyed five times with indigo and then once dyed with Phellodendron amurense. Following the same method as sample no. 2 with an additional Phellodendron, Sample no. 3 consisted of a pre-dye five times with indigo and twice with Phellodendron amurense. Sample no. 4 was pre-dyed six times with indigo and then once dyed with Caesalpinia sappan. Sample no. 5 followed the same method as no. 4 with an additional dye of Caesalpinia sappan. Sample no. 6 was pre-dyed five times with indigo and then once dyed with Phellodendron amurense and once dyed with Caesalpinia sappan. The results were as follows: first, all samples showed deeper colors. Second, according to the results of the surface K/S measurement, the surface K/S of wool fabrics was >20. Third, the results of lightfastness measurement showed superiority over grade 4 in samples no. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. However, sample no. 4 was grade 3. In the colorfastness to washing measurement, sample no. 2 showed greater superiority than grade 3-4, while samples no. 1 and 3 were grade 3. In addition, the colorfastness to dry cleaning for all samples was satisfactory or excellent by more than grade 3.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.615-621
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate of the protection efficiency in each part of developed pesticide-proof clothes by repeated washings. We investigated the effect of repeated laundering on mechanical properties of pesticide-proof clothes (not washed vs 5 times washed). We also examined pesticide infiltration rate into the pesticide-proof clothes by repeated laundering. The patches(TCL paper, surface area 50cm2)were attached to the inside of pesticide-proof clothes(head, chest, right upper-arm, right forearm, left thigh, left calf, back) which subjects had dressed in during pesticide spraying. The patches were detached from working clothes after work. For the extraction of pesticide in pesticide-proof clothes, sonication was applied for 30 min with methanol. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied to identify the pesticide component. The results of this study are as follows: The force strength, water-vapour resistance and surface wetting resistance of pesticide-proof clothes decreased 5 times more in washed clothes. The concentration of pesticide was the highest in the head area of pesticide-proof clothes. In seven parts of TLC paper attached to the pesticide proof clothes, the concentration of pesticide was higher in the left thigh. The penetration part and concentration of pesticide increased as washing was repeated. Therefore the conclusion which can be drawn from this study is this: protection efficiency of pesticide-proof clothes decrease by repeated washings.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2013

In order to find a sanitary logistic way to handle library books, papers and environmental sources contacting the books were tested in their microbial contamination load and methods to decontaminate the books were investigated. Generally bacterial load of inner book pages was very low, but increased when contaminated with liquid such as saliva. In contrast, their lateral ends showed much higher bacterial contamination presumably due to dry dust contamination on there. As operations to improve the sanitary book conditions, turbulent air blow was found to be workable for reducing dry dusty contamination and 280 nm ultra-violet (UV) light emitting diode (LED) was so for decontaminating wet surface contamination. Microbial inactivation by the UV LED could be realized with irradiation for more than 5 minutes at 2 cm distance. Air blow of 5.5 m/s for 0.5~1 minute could reduce the dusty contamination on a model book surface.