• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 1999

Backwashing is an important process for the efficient operation of granular filters, and the efficiency of the surface washing among the backwashing processes can affect the filtrations rate and filter run-time. In this study, the efficiency of surface washing is evaluated using real filters for three cases: with surface washing (with and without drainage of water to the surface of filter bed) and without surface washing. As a result, in the case of adopting both the drainage and surface washing, the filter of which condition is initially worse than those of the other filters shows improvement in head-loss development, filtration velocity, filter run-time, and total filtration volume. On the other hand, the conventional method of surface washing rarely has an effect on the filter washing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.1078-1081
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• 2003

The polar anchoring strength and surface ordering in a NLC, 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), on a rubbed polyimide (PI) surface containing trifluoromethyl moiety were studied. The large extrapolation length de of 5CB for washing process of water was measured at RS=114 mm. The polar anchoring energy of 5CB on the rubbed PI surface is decreased by the washing process. Also, the polar anchoring energy of 5CB increases with the rubbing strength on the PI surface. The surface ordering of 5CB for all washing processes is smaller than the non-washing process; it is attributed to the washing process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.133-135
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• 2003

The washing effects on pretilt angle generation in a nematic liquid crystal (NLC), 4-n-pentyl-4’-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) on a rubbed polyimide (PI) surface with trifluoromethyl moiety have been successfully studied. The pretilt angle of 5CB is increased by the washing process on the rubbed PI surface. The surface tension on the rubbed PI surface increases with the rubbing strength RS and then saturated above RS=150 mm. The pretilt angle of 5CB for all washing processes on the rubbed PI surface decreases with the surface tension. We have found that the pretilt angle of 5CB on the rubbed PI surface may be attributed van der walls (VDW) dispersion interaction between the LC molecules and the polymer surfaces having trifluoromethyl moieties.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.36-40
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• 2002

The polar anchoring strength and surface ordering in a NLC,4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), on a rubbed polyimide (PI) surface containing trifluoromethyl moiety were studied. The large extrapolation length de of 5CB for washing process of water was measured at RS=114 mm. The polar anchoring energy of 5CB on the rubbed PI surface is decreased by the washing process. Also, the polar anchoring energy of 5CB increases with the rubbing strength on the PI surface. The surface ordering of 5CB for all washing processes is smaller than the non-washing process; it is attributed to the washing process.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.852-862
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• 2007

This study was to investigate the physical properties and the external characteristics of denim fabrics(100% cotton non-spun denim, 98% cotton/2% polyurethane spun denim) such as tensile strength, thickness and weight, flex stiffness, surface color and shrinkage. The results of the study were as follows. After examining the change of external characteristics of before and after washing finishing for denim fabrics, denim with bio washing had increased pliability compared to denim without washing finishing but the pliability of the denim did not increase according to the intensity or frequency of washing. The luminance change according to washing finishing was high in the order of bio stone bleach washing, bio stone washing, bio washing and denim without washing finishing and the surface color became brighter in accordance with the increase of intensity and frequency of washing finishing.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2012

Silk fabric treated with fluorocarbon resins (Asahi Guard AG-7005 and AG-E061) were washed and subsequently heat treated varying the washing cycles and the temperature. After the processing, the water and oil repellencies, and contact angle to water were evaluated. The water and oil repellencies decreased by the washing and recovered by following heat treatment. Also ESCA measurement was carried out to investigate the surface chemical composition of the treated fiber. The $F_1s$ intensity of the treated fabric decreased by the washing and recovered by the subsequent heat treatment. On the other hand, the $O_1s$ intensity increased by the washing and decreased by following heat treatment. From the results, it is clear that change of the water and oil repellencies of the silk fabric treated with fluorocarbon resin occurred by the washing and subsequent heat treatment. Considering a change of the water repellency of the silk fabric treated with fluorocarbon resin, it seems likely that the fluoroalkyl group of the fluorocarbon resin rotates from surface to inside of the fiber by the washing to adapt to the hydrophilic circumstance, and the orientation of the fluoroalkyl groups of the resin disturbed by the washing recovers the orientation to the fiber surface after the subsequent heat treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.661-673
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• 1994

We have gathered a fatty acid to recycle the waste oil of food manufacturing process, and then made a soap from the waste oil by alkali saponification. Effects of the washing elements such as the concentration of the soap, temperature and time were evaluated to find out the optimum washing conditions, and results are as follows. 1. We could find soaps made from the soybean oil (A), corn oil (B), rape seed salad oil (C), cotton seed oil (D) and a soap consisting of the each oil 25% respectively (I) had the lowest surface tension at the concentration of 0.225% -0.25%. Compared with the single fatty-acid soap, the multi-component soap I showed the lower surface tension at the cmc. 2. All the samples of A-I showed the lowest contact angle for the solid material at the concentration of 0.25%. The multi-component soap of I showed higher contact angle than the single.component soaps of A, B, C and D. 3. The soap G, made from the waste oil, show lower surface tension than 5, made from the complex raw fats of the eatable fatty oil acid and H, commercial soap. 4. The washing efficiency depends on the washing time. Especially the 25-minute was found to be the optimum washing time. 5. The highest washing efficiency was found at the 0.25% cont. reagardless of the washing temperature. At 0.15% concentration level the washing efficiency reduces as washing tem- perature increases. At 0.3% concentration level the highest washing efficiency was found between $50^{\circ}$-$60^{\circ}$. 6. The soap made from the waste oil showed the highest washing efficiency in terms of concentration, temperature, and time. 7. The soap made from the waste oil showed the similiar concentration of hydrogen ion to the synthetic detergent. 8. The hand value of the fabric washed by the soap made from the waste oil was a little lower value than those washed by the synthetic detergent.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-23
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• 2003

The washing effects on pretilt angle generation in a nematic liquid crystal (NLC), 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) on a rubbed polyimide (PI) surface with trifluoromethyl moiety have been successfully studied. The pretilt angle of 5CB is increased by the washing process on the rubbed PI surface. The surface tension on the rubbed PI surface increases with the rubbing strength RS and then saturated above RS: 150 mm. The pretilt angle of 5CB for all washing processes on the rubbed PI surface decreases with the surface tension. We have found that the pretilt angle of 5CB on the rubbed PI surface may be attributed van der walls (VDW) dispersion interaction between the LC molecules and the polymer surfaces having trifluoromethyl moieties.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.541-548
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• 2009

We developed a surface washing system for ginseng. The washing system was developed using different treatments and conditions and characterized in terms of product hardness, weight loss, and change in temperature and color. Optimal results were obtained using a surface washing system involving a washing conveyor speed of 1.0 L/min, a water pressure of $35\;kg/cm^2$, a washing nozzle angle of $40^{\circ}$, a washing height of 5 cm, a 1-sec reciprocating washing nozzle cycle, a dehydration wind velocity of 30 m/sec, and an internal drying temperature of $30-33^{\circ}C$. A surface washing system using a washing conveyor speed of0.8 L/min, a water pressure of $40\;kg/cm^2$, a washing nozzle angle of $40^{\circ}$, a washing height of 3 cm, a 1-sec reciprocating washing nozzle cycle, a dehydration wind velocity of 30 m/sec, and an internal drying temperature of $30-33^{\circ}C$ resulted in ginseng that was stained yellow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.471-481
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• 1997

Denims were treated with neutral cellulase, acid cellulase, stone, and stone-neutral cellulase respectively at different cellulase concentrations varying treatment times in rotary washer. The effect of washing on denim was estimated by the changes in weight, color, back staining, tear strength, flex stiffness, and surface characteristics. Also the comparison of neutral cellulase, acid cellulase, stone, and stone-neutral cellulase washings was studied. Washing removes surface fibers and provides weight loss, color difference, back staining, and a decrease in tear strength and in flex stiffness. Stone-neutral cellulase washing and acid cellulase washing have a larger washing effect than neutral cellulase washing and stone washing.