• 생약학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2018

Torilin is a major sesquiterpene of Torilis japonica (Umbelliferae) fruits and known to be a melanogenesis inhibitor. Extraction conditions are important factor for the efficient preparation to save cost and time in economic aspects. For this reason, this study was conducted to optimize the extraction condition for maximal yield of torilin. For optimization, extraction factors such as extraction solvent, extraction temperature and sample/solvent ratio were tested and optimized for maximum yield of torilin using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal condition was obtained as a EtOAc concentration in MeOH of 31.8%, an extraction temperature at $30.3^{\circ}C$ and a sample/solvent ratio, 1000 mg/2 ml. The torilin yield under optimal conditions was found to be 9.9 mg/g dried samples, which were well-matched with the predicted value of 10.4 mg/g dried samples. These results will provide useful information about optimized extraction conditions for the development of torilin as cosmetic therapeutics to reduce skin hyperpigmentation.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.229-249
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• 2020

This paper is the logical follow-up of four papers by the author on the subject "aerodynamics in Mars atmosphere". The aim of the papers was to evaluate the influence of two Mars atmosphere models (NASA Glenn and GRAM-2001) on aerodynamics of a capsule (Pathfinder) entering the Mars atmosphere and also to verify the feasibility of evaluating experimentally the ambient density and the ambient pressure by means of the methods by McLaughlin and Cassanto respectively, therefore to correct the values provided by the models. The study was carried out computationally by means of: i) a code integrating the equations of dynamics of an entry capsule for the computation of the trajectories, ii) two Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) codes for the solution of the 2-D, axial-symmetric and 3-D flow fields around the capsule in the altitude interval 50-100 km. The computations verified that the entry trajectories of Pathfinder from the two models, in terms of the Mach, Reynolds and Knudsen numbers, were very different. The aim of the present paper is to continue this study, considering other aerodynamic problems and then to provide a contribution to a long series of papers on the subject "aerodynamics in Mars atmosphere". More specifically, the present paper evaluated and quantified the effects from the two models of: i) chemical reactions on aerodynamic quantities in the shock layer, ii) surface temperature, therefore of the contribution of the re-emitted molecules, on local (pressure, skin friction, etc.) and on global (drag) quantities, iii) surface recombination reactions (catalyticity) on heat flux. The results verified that the models heavily influence the flow field (as per the shock wave structure) but, apart from the surface recombination reactions, the effects of the different conditions on aerodynamics of the capsule are negligible for both models and confirmed what already found in the previous paper that, because of the higher values of density from the NASA Glenn model, the effects on aerodynamics of a entry capsule are stronger than those computed by the GRAM-2001 model.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2010

자연하천에 서식하는 미꾸라지의 등, 체측, 후두부 피부조직에 대한 점액세포의 계절변화를 조사하였다. 2008년 3월부터 2009년 2월까지 계절변화에 대한 월별 조사에서 피부조직의 일반적인 형태변화는 없었으나, 상피조직 단위면적당 존재하는 점액세포의 크기와 개수는 겨울철에 가장 높게 나타났고, 여름철에 가장 낮게 나타나 계절변동에 따른 점액세포의 유의한 변화가 관찰되었다. 특히 후두부 부위는 점액세포의 계절변동 폭이 크고, 늦가을 환절기의 기온급감에 따른 점액세포의 급격한 변화를 보여 환경변화에 대한 반응이 가장 민감한 부위로 여겨진다. 또한 점액세포는 수온이 감소함에 따라 외부형태가 작은 구형에서 크고 긴 원주세포형으로 변화하였으며, 다량의 점액물질이 분비되었다. 본 연구를 통해 "저온"은 겨울철 미꾸라지 피부의 점액세포를 변화시키는데 밀접한 연관이 있는 중요한 환경요인으로 여겨진다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.405-416
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate correlation between total body weight loss and local sweat rate and to find out any possible method that can estimate total body weight loss judging from local sweat rate. Twelve adult females were kept at 44 $\pm1^{\circ}C$, 50 ${\pm}5\%$ R.H. (1) Physiological responses such as total body weight loss, local sweat rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, blood pressure and pulse, (2) micro climate inside garment and (3) subjective sensation were examined. Two types of garment such as long-sleeves with long pants (Type I) and half·sleeves with short pants (Type II) were used to observe the effect of garment types on sweating response. Both clothing weight was equal (132$\pm$3 g/$m^{2}$). The results were as follows: 1. Regardless of the different types, total body weight loss was more interrelated with the sweat rate on forehead than any other parts of the body. Except the forehead, different parts of body with different types of garment influenced on body weight loss quite differently. 2. Total body weight loss was more interrelated with the weight gain of garment than the local sweat rate. 3. Under the environment of 44$\pm1^{\circ}C,\;50{\pm}5\%$R.H., body weight loss during 1 hour of subject clothed and silted was 275.2 g/hr and weight loss per body surface area was 178.9 g/$m^{2}/hr$ Garment types have no influences on total body weight loss. 4. Local sweat rate (mg/7.07 $cm^{2}/hr$) was 208.0,191.0, 133.0, 115.0,81 0, 75.1 and 66.3 on scruff, breast, forehead, forearm, thigh, upper arm, leg respectively No evidence has been found that garment types influenced on local sweat rate (p<0.1). 5. No interrelationships between rectal temperature and total body weight loss, local skin temperature and total body weight loss, and local skin temperature and local sweat rate were found. From this study, some possible method that we can estimate total body' weight loss judging from weight loss of garment. But considering the fact that clothing design factor, the physical characteristics of fabric and environmental factor such as humidity and wind velocity should be concerned in weight loss of garment, it should be studied further whether the total body weight loss can be estimated properly from the weight loss of garment. This experiment suggest that different parts of body with different types of garment can influence on body weight loss quite differently. Therefore, in order to get more precise results, more studies under the diversity of garment types should be done in the near future.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.127-138
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• 1991

The aim of the present stud)r has been to obtain new and additional data allolwing a better design of sports garments as well as a better choice among some materiales, through measure-ment of body surface changes in the upper trunk in movement, measurement on the effects of local heating on other parts of the body and measurement of the thermal resistance of 6 types of materials applied on a manikin. In the first experiment, the upper trunk was divided in 32 Parts, the surface of which was measured by the tape method for two upper limb positions: extension at $90^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$. In the second experiment, skin temperature, local thermal sensations and whole body thermal sensation were measured every 5 minutes during 40 minutes. The four areas of the shoulder, abdomen, hande and feet were heated with the hot pack at $50^{\circ}C$. In the third experiment, the regional thermal resistance of the various materials selected, in two different cases of clothing ease, have been measured by using a thermal manikin. Resultes of experiments were: 1. Extensions cause the upper front part of the trunk surface to lengthen vertically while the back tends to stretch in width. 2. Skin temperatures of the upper limbs are influenced by the abdomen and shoulder boatings. The correlation between the whole body thermal sensation and the upper trunk thermal sensation is significantly asserted. 3. Ceramic and aluminium coated materiales offer the most effective thermal resistance; ease in clothing increases the thermal resistance at the breast and the abdomen as well as the clo value of the materials.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the thermophysiological responses and subjective sensations of clothing materials with different water transfer property investigated in exercising and resting subjects at an ambient temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and a relative humidity of 40%. Two kinds of clothing ensemble were tested: 100% cotton with highly water-absorbent but slowly dry properties(C) and 100% polyester with quickly water-absorbent and dry properties by four capillary channels(QADP). Seven apparently healthy male participants each undertook two series of experiments comprised 10-min of rest, 20-min of exercise with 70% of $VO_{2max}$ on a treadmill and 20-min of recovery. Mean skin temperature was significantly lower in QADP than in C during exercise and recovery. Clothing microclimate temperature was significantly lower in QADP during exercise and clothing surface temperature was also lower in QADP especially during recovery. Also, clothing surface humidity was significantly higher in QADP after the later half of exercise. The concentration of blood lactic acid tended to decrease to a lower level at recovery 3 minutes when wearing QADP rather than C clothing ensemble. Metabolic energy was marginally significantly less during the second half of exercise in QADP. Body mass loss tended to be greater in C than in QADP. The participants had better scores in thermal sensation, comfortable sensation and wetness in QADP during exercise and recovery. These results show that functional materials with quickly water-absorbent and dry properties can alleviate heat strain and induce more comfortable clothing microclimates and subjective sensations in the exercise-induced hyperthermia.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.20-37
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the differentials in life styles and their effect on the epidermal facial tissue in order to provide a basis for health professionals so that they might better be able to maintain and promote healthy skin care and further delay the premature ageing of the epidermal facial tissue. The subjects consisted of 145 females of various ages who visited skin care room in cerming health promoting behaviors(Park In sook's Profile) and questions on their behavioral practices pertaining to personal skin care were used. The investigation also ess of the four parts of the epidermal facial tissue studied. All data collected wee entered into the SAS program and analyzed for frequency, percentages, the utilized Pusan. The study dates ranged from May 1, 1998 to May 30, 1998. The methods used for this investigation were a questionnaire survey consisting of general objective questions. The questions con a "skin analyzer" to measured levels of moisturizing hydrated, facial oils, and roughnmean, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Epidermal facial oil was at its highest levels in the chin area with additional decreasing levels in the forehead and nose regions. The least regions were those of the cheeks. The highest levels of hydration on the other hand started with the forehead followed by the area of the chin, the cheeks and the lowest level of epidermal facial hydration was in the region of the nose. 2. The average score of the performance in the health promoting behaviors variable was 139.51. The variables with the highest degree of the performance were rest and sleeping(35.71). The lowest degree was hiegenic life(23.44). 3. The relationship health promoting behaviors and epidermal condition was not correlated with oil, hydration and roughness of the skin surface. 4. Skin care behavioral characteristics related to epidermal condition were washing style and temperature of washing water. 5. General characteristics related to epidermal condition were occupation, education level, acne and melasma. In conclusion, this study showed that several factors were significant in the behavior of skin care. Clear knowledge of both internal and external factors which affect the epidermal condition will help women to pursue active and appropriate practices in their health behaviors and skin care.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 인체의 열상대역 저피탐을 위한 선행연구로써 인체에서 방사되는 적외선 신호의 특성을 소개한다. 인체에서 방사되는 적외선 신호는 인체 표면의 방사율과 표면온도에 의하여 결정된다. 따라서 적외선 신호해석을 위하여 표면온도를 정확히 도출할 필요가 있고, 이를 위하여 인체의 열적 편안함을 도출하는데 주로 사용 되어온 체온 조절 작용 및 다층 구조 피부 모델을 적용하여 인체의 표면온도 도출에 사용하였다. 기법의 검증을 위하여 비정상 해석 결과와 실험결과의 비교검증을 수행하였으며, 이로부터 체온 조절 작용이 인체의 표면온도 결정에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 비정상 해석을 통해 도출된 표면온도와 피부 및 의복의 방사율을 이용하여 적외선 신호를 도출하였으며, 가상의 배경조건에 따라 나타나는 인체의 적외선 신호 특성을 파악하였다. 의복을 착용함으로써 인체는 저방사 배경과의 적외선 신호차이가 작아지는 반면 고방사 조건에서는 역대비로 인해 오히려 피탐지성이 증가하게 된다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.193-208
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• 2004

사출성형된 고분자 블렌드의 형태학적 상구조를 실험 및 이론적인 방법으로 연구하였다. 실험적인 연구로서, 형태학적 상구조에 미치는 사출속도, 사출온도 효과를 조사하였다. 이를 통하여 고분자 블렌드로 제조된 사출성형품에서 두께 위치에 따른 형태학적 상구조 변화를 뚜렷하게 관찰할 수 있었으며, 사출성형품 표면에 분산상이 가늘고 길게 변형되어있는 스킨층, 그안 쪽에 분산상이 다소 크고 변형이 되어있는 서브스킨층 및 사출성형품의 중심에 위치하고 분산상의 변형이 전혀 없는 코어영역이 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 실험적인 연구 결과를 토대로 고분자 블렌드의 사출과정에서 형성되는 형태학적 상구조를 예측하는 계산 알고리듬을 제시하였다. 상업화된 사출성형 해석용 프로그램에서 얻은 유동장 정보와 유동장에서 분산상의 거동에 관한 이론 및 실험식을 조합하여 사출성형된 고분자 블렌드의 형태학적 상구조를 예측할 수 있었다. 제시된 계산 알고리듬으로 사출온도 및 사출속도에 의한 형태학적 상구조의 변화를 잘 예측할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1138-1147
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• 2020

Objective: A study was made investigate factors affecting body surface temperature changes after weaning in sows, whether these can be used to aid detection of natural estrus and how they relate to subsequent reproductive performance. Methods: A total of 132 sows were selected during summer from a breeding farm, with mean parity of 3.6±2.3 and 28.5±0.9 days lactation length. Four daily measurements (6:00, 8:00, 16:00, and 18:00) of vulva (VST), udder (UST), ear base and central back skin temperatures for individual sows were taken by an infrared thermometer, continuing up to 8 days post weaning. Results: The VST obtained from sows showing estrus at 4 days post-weaning (4DPW), 5DPW, and 6DPW showed a peak at the fourth day post-weaning, but then started to decrease. The VST of sows not detected in standing heat (NDPW) remained at a lower level during the experiment, but UST was increased soon after weaning. The VST-UST temperature differences during daytime of sows that were showing behavioural standing heat on 4DPW, 5DPW, 6DPW, and 7DPW were 0.46℃±0.123℃, 0.71℃±0.124℃, 0.66℃ ±0.171℃, and 0.58℃±0.223℃, respectively. The NDPW sows had the highest UST observed, but also the lowest VST so that a more negative value of temperature difference (-0.31℃) was seen during first few days post-weaning. A total of 119 sows were observed to show standing heat and were bred. The later the estrus, the smaller the litter size (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Sows which did not show behavior indicative of stable standing heat after weaning had a VST which remained at a lower level, but the UST increased soon after weaning. Therefore, for sow heat detection under field conditions, the changes of VST and UST and difference between the two should be considered together to increase the accuracy of detection.