• Composites Research
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.53-64
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• 1999

Microstructural morphology and bending strengths of moulded composites of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer(LCP) and polyamide 6 (PA6) have been studied as a function of epoxy fraction. Injection-moulding of a composite plaque at a temperature below the melting point of the LCP fibrils generated a multi-layered structure: the surface skin layer with thickness of $65\;-\;120{\mu\textrm{m}}$ exhibiting a transverse orientation; the sub-skin layer with an orientation in the flow direction; the core layer with arc-curved flow patterns. The plaques containing epoxy 4.8vol% exhibited superior bending strength and large fracture strain. With an increase of epoxy fraction equal to and beyond 4.8vol%, geometry of LCP domains was changed from fibrillar shape to lamella-like one, which caused a shear-mode fracture. An analysis of the bending strength of the composite plaques by using a symmetric layered model beam suggested that addition of epoxy component altered not only the microstructural geometry but also the elastic moduli and strengths of the respective layers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1976

Rectal temperature, skin temperature and oxygen consumption were measured in five women divers during diving under two conditions a) wearing a cotton bathing suit and b) wearing a diving suit and the following results were obtained. 1. The duration of the diving period was 30 min with the cotton bathing suit whereas it was above 120 min with the diving suit. 2. The average rectal temperature fell to $34.5^{\circ}C$ after 30 min of diving with the cotton bathing suit. On the other hand, with the diving suit, immediately after submersion, the rectal temperature rose about $3^{\circ}C$ and remained at about $39^{\circ}C$ throughout the diving period of 120 min. 3. Average mean skin temperature during diving was $11^{\circ}C$ and $21^{\circ}C$ with cotton bathing suit and with the diving suit, respectively. The mean body temperature fell to $25^{\circ}C$ with the cotton bathing suit while it reached $32^{\circ}C$ with the diving suit at the end of each diving period. 4. Oxygen consumption during diving was three fold of the pre-dive level with the cotton bathing suit but it was two fold with the diving suit. 5. Total extra heat loss was 323 kcal during 120 min of diving with the diving suit. On the contrary, with the cotton bathing suit, it was 528 kcal for 30 min, These results may suggest that the prolongation of the diving period with the diving suit is primarily due to maintenance of core temperature at more or less physiological level as a result of reduction in conductive heat loss from the body surface to the water and the Preferential distribution of blood in the core area.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.133-145
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to exam the effectiveness of acupuncture using the tonification & sedation manipulation for LI4(Hegu) and KI7(Fuliu) which was known to promote sweating for lack sweating and inhibit for excessive sweating. Methods : The subject of this study was 60 people who agreed with participating. The participants were divided into 6 groups as control group without acupuncture, acupuncture group with needle inserted perpendicularly at LI4, KI7 without manipulation(AT-A), acupuncture group with needle inserted and twisted at LI4 using sedation technique and KI7 using tonificaton technique(AT-B), acupuncture group with needle inserted and twisted at LI4 using tonificaton technique and KI7 using sedation technique(AT-C), acupuncture group with needle inserted and twisted at LI4 and KI7 using tonificaton technique(AT-D) and acupuncture group with needle inserted and twisted at LI4 and KI7 using sedation technique(AT-E). We obtained baseline data at a stable condition with the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$. After having the participant stay at $40^{\circ}C$ for 10 minute and treated with acupuncture for 10 minute, we measured the parameters such as sweating rate, water content in subcutaneous, water content in skin surface, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation and body temperature. Results : After the tonification & sedation manipulation at LI4 and KI7, the sweating rate was significantly decreased in AT-B, AT-D and AT-E groups. The water contents in skin surface was significantly decreased in AT-B and AT-E groups. The water contents in subcutaneous was significantly decreased in AT-B, AT-C, AT-D and AT-E groups. However, there were no significant changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, oxygen saturation and body temperature. Conclusions : Acupuncture at LI4 and KI7 is effective in controling sweating, and the effect varies according to the tonification & sedation manipulation technique.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.25-34
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• 1996

The purpose of this experimental study was conducted to examine the most effective modality between two methods of cold application(ice pack and cold spray), the most effective length of time for the application and the continuing effect after each type of cold application. Sixty students were assigned randomly to each of two cold application methods; (a) ice pack, (2) cold spray. Each methods was applied to the posterior surface of right forearm with subject in the sitting position. Skin temperature and the electrical stimulation induced pain threshold were measured before each application and every five degree ($^{\circ}C$) decline point after ice pack application. They were also measured point of minimum skin temperature after cold spray application. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Skin temperatures according to the cold spray application decreased to a range of $4.2^{\circ}C{\sim}9.2^{\circ}C$(male, p<0.001), $3.6^{\circ}C{\sim}7.6^{\circ}C$(female, p<0.001). 2. Pain threshold according to the cold spray application increased to a range of $0.6mA{\sim}1.9mA$(male, p<0.01), $1.2mA{\sim}3.86mA$(female, p>0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.38-44
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using HDF as surface panels as well as core materials for flush door manufacturing. Six core constructions were developed and applied to manufacture door specimens and conventional skin door specimen was also manufactured for comparison. Door specimens were tested under changing interior environmental condition for 3~4 months during winter and summer seasons. During the test period, deformation of doors were measured weekly, and temperature and relative humidity of testing area were also recorded. From this study, it was concluded that HDF can be used to manufacture quality flush doors and core construction developed in this study showed good quality compared to conventional skin door. Deformation of doors increased as temperature and relative humidity of the surrounding environment increased. Flush doors generally showed less deformation than skin doors, and evaluated to be stable and good quality when compared to skin door.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2005

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fruit skin spray of the lime fertilizer in 'Campbell Early' grapes. The T-N, P, K, Ca and Mg of fruit skin and cluster weight, berry weight, cluster length showed no difference between control and lime fertilizer. But soluble solids in fruit was reduced by fruit skin spray of liquid calcium fertilizer extracted from oyster shell after bagging(LCaB). The anthocyanin content of fruit skin was decreased by air-slaked lime(HCa) and LCaB treatment. Also, occurrence of fruit skin bloom was significantly reduced by HCa and oyster shell powder(OS-CaP) treatment. The berry firmness was significantly increased through liquid calcium fertilizer extracted from oyster shell(LCa) and HCa treatment. Conspicuously, berry elasticity was rather decreased by OS-CaP treatment. However, there was no difference of weight loss of fruit among treatments during room temperature storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 1993

In this study, bedclimate was investigated depending on three bedquilts used on ondol in winter. The environmental room condition and the ondol surface temperature were maintained $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}3%R$. H and $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, respectively. The materials of the experimental quilts were not different from each other. But the weights of cotton filler were 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5kg for the bedquilts. Two healthy young women were subjected for seven hour's sleep with two replications for this study. The results are as follows. 1) The range of temperature under the mattress was higher($38.5{\sim}43.2^{\circ}C$) than that of the temperature on the mattress($32.4{\sim}37.0^{\circ}C$) or that of the temperature inside the bedquilts($30.2{\sim}34.5^{\circ}C$). The humidity inside the bedquilts was 40~73%R.H. 2) The range of bedclimate which subjects feel comfortable were $33.6{\sim}37.1^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, $30.2{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$, 42~67%R.H. inside the bedquilts. At this range, the mean skin temperature of the subjects was was $34.7{\sim}35.6^{\circ}C$. 3) When there was heating, the weight of mattress increased due to evaporation by heat from below, while wehght of other bedding increased. 4) The lower limbs are noted to be a good representative for the prediction of the skin temperature during sleep. 5) The thicker the bedquilt, the warmer and more humid the bedquilt, which induce frequent body movement during sleep, hence inferior comfort properties of bedquilts.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.109-117
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• 2009

To set up the outstanding and scientific dyeing method in making the condensed liquid of pigment obtained from onion skins and the improved reliability, the following basic experiments were performed. The pigment was extracted in the distilled water at $70^{\circ}C$ and methanol at room temperature and then it was analyzed with LC/MS/MS system (Liquid Chomatography/Mass Spectroscopy/Mass Spectroscophy, LIQ Advantage Max, Thermo Finnigan, USA) for its pigmental characteristics. The unrefined silk and refined silk were dyed by making use of the derived pigment in such a way. The chromameter (CR-200, Minolta, Japan) was used to measure the change in surface color in textiles to be dyed by the extracting condition and the color difference ${\Delta}E$ was determined according to the color difference formula CIE LAB through measuring the psychometric lightness L* and chromaticity coordinates a* and b*.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.8-17
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• 2003

In order to investigate the possibility of PVA particle as toner, PVA/PVAc particle was manufactured. Fine spherical PVAc particle with emulsifier SDS(sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) and initiator V-50(2,2'- azo bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) was manufactured by emulsion polymerization. And then, the PVAc was carried with surface saponification. PVA/PVAc skin core structured particle was obtained under optimum saponification condition. PVA skin side in manufactured PVA/PVAc particles was dyed with 1:2 metal complex type C. I. Acid Yellow 235 and then the dyed PVA particles were observed with a optical microscope. Under given polymerization condition such as SDS concentration, $1.62\times{10}^{-2} \;mol/lH_2O$, V-50 concetration, $3.7\times{10}^{-3}\;mol/lH_2O$ and temperature $50^\circ{C}$ , the high molecular weight of PVAc with Pn 13,900 and PVA with Pn 3,400 was produced. The particle distribution of obtained PVAc microspheres was appeared highly at 60 and $100\mu{m}$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.222-229
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of 6061 Al foams, which were fabricated by P/M and multi-step induction heating method, and to build the database, which is needed for computer aided modeling or foam components design. Aluminium foams, consisting of solid aluminium and large quantities of porosities, is widely used in automotive, aerospace, naval as well as functional applications because of its high stiffness at very low density, high impact energy absorption, heat and fire resistance, and greater thermal stability than any organic material. In this study, 6061 Al foams were fabricated for variation of fraction of porosities (%) according to porosities (%)-final heating temperature ( $T_{a3}$) curves. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, energy absorption capacity, and efficiency were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of foams as crash energy absorbing components. Moreover, effect of the surface skin thickness on plateau stress and strain sensitivity of the 6061 Al foams with low porosities (%) were studied.d.