• Title/Summary/Keyword: surface moisture

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Soil Characteristics Differences due to Slope Aspect of Sweet Persimmon Orchard Derived from Porphyritic Residuum (반암(斑岩)에서 유래(由來)된 잔적(殘績) 구릉지(丘陵地) 단감과원(果園)의 경사방향별(傾斜方向別) 토양특성(土壤特性) 연구(硏究))

  • Yun, Eul-Soo;Jung, Yeun-Tae;Kim, Jung-Kon;Son, Il-Soo;Kang, Hang-Won
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.143-150
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    • 1993
  • To gain the basic informations on soil management practices by determination of the differences of soil genetic characteristics and the contents of soil moisture due to slope aspects of hilly land, this study was conducted at 1992 on sweet persimmon orchard soils derived from porphyry in southern of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The soils studied were belong to fine loamy family. The degree of soil development was greater in the north than other slope aspects and the solum thickness also the same. The soil chemical properties such as pH and exchangeable cations except for potassium were low generally in the orchards studied but the content of organic matter was lack in the summit and south aspect. The contents of Fe oxide and extractable Al were higher in the subsurface than surface. Fe, Al and clay indexes which indicate relative intensity of B horizon development were higher in the side slope than summit and the highest in the north slope. The rate of solum to B horizon was higher as about 1.5 for summit and west aspect which had thiner B horizon thickness compared to other aspect. North and west aspect had certainly more amount of soil water at drought season than other slope aspects and was lower the difference of soil water between the drought and wet seasons. Therfore, the soil management such as erosion control and irrigation at drought season should be practices differently due to slope aspect and soil chararteristics in the sloped land.

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THE EFFECTS OF DRYING AGENTS AND BONDING AGENTS ON THE SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF SEALANTS TO ENAMEL (치면건조제와 접착제의 사용에 따른 치면열구전색재의 전단결합강도에 관한 연구)

  • Lim, Hyun-Hwa;Jang, Ki-Taek;Kim, Chong-Chul;Hahn, Se-Hyun
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.196-203
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    • 2003
  • The application of sealants is a highly technique-sensitive procedure, requiring an extremely dry field prior to placement. Moisture contamination of the etched enamel surface before sealant placement is cited as the main reason for sealant failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of sealant application on the shear bond strength of sealants to enamel. In groups 1, 2, 3, 4 Teethmate(unfilled sealant) was used, while Ultraseal XTplus(filled sealant) was used in groups 5, 6, 7, 8. Groups 1 and 5(control) were acid etched for 15 seconds using 35% phosphoric acid, washed and then dried. In groups 2, 6 drying agents were applied, and in groups 3, 7 bonding agents were applied and light cured. In groups 4 and 8 both drying agent and bonding agent were applied. Then sealant was cured to the specimen using molds 3mm in diameter and 2mm in height. Thermocycling was performed and shear bond strength was finally measured. The following results were obtained : 1. Groups using filled sealant(groups 5, 6, 7, 8) showed higher shear bond strengths compared to groups using unfilled sealant(groups 1, 2, 3, 4). 2. Among groups using unfilled sealant(groups 1, 2, 3, 4), groups 2, 3, 4 showed significantly higher shear bond strength compared to group 1(p<0.05). There were no significant differences among groups 2, 3 and 4. 3. There were no significant differences(p>0.05) among groups using filled sealant(groups 5, 6, 7, 8). 4. When modes of fracture were examined, cohesive failure was observed in groups 2, 3 and 4.

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Effects of Addition of Perilla Leaf Powder and Carcass Grade on the Quality and Palatability of Pork Sausage (깻잎 분말 첨가와 도체등급이 돈육소시지의 품질 및 기호성에 미치는 영향)

  • 정인철;강세주;김종기;현재석;김미숙;문윤희
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.350-355
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to clarify the effect of addition of perilla leaf powder (PLP) and carcass grade on the quality and palatability of pork sausage. The chemical composition, pH, calorie, water holding capacity, surface color, textural properties and amino acid composition of the samples were determined, and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Moisture and crude ash were not different among sausage of four type. Crude fat of grade B sausage was higher than that of grade E sausage, and grade B sausage added PLP was higher than grade B sausage without PLP. Crude Protein of grade E sausage was higher than that of grade B sausage. The pH of grade E sausage added PLP was highest, and calorie of grade B sausage without PLP was highest among sausage of four type. Water holding capacity of grade B added and free PLP was significantly higher than grade I sausage. The residual nitrite of sausage added PLP was significantly lower than sausage without PLP. In case of Hunter's $L^{*}$, grade B sausage and free PLP sausage were significantly higher than grade E sausage and sausage added PLP, respectively. In case of Hunter' $a^{*}$, grade E sausage and free PLP sausage were significantly higher than grade B sausage and sausage added PLP. Hunter's $b^{*}$ of sausage added PLP was higher than that of free PLP sausage. Textural properties, hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness were significantly different among sausage of four type, but gumminess of grade E added PLP was lowest among sausage of four type. Total amino acid was not significantly different among sausage of four type. Sensory color and texture of grade B sausage were superior to grade I sausage, palatability of free PLP sausage was superior.sage was superior.

Material Characteristics and Deterioration Assessment of the Stone Buddhas and Shrine in Unjusa Temple, Hwasun, Korea (화순 운주사 석조불감의 재질특성과 풍화훼손도 평가)

  • Park, Sung-Mi;Lee, Myeong-Seong;Choi, Seok-Won;Lee, Chan-Hee
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.24
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    • pp.23-36
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    • 2008
  • The stone Buddhas and Shrine of Unjusa temple (Korea Treasure No. 797) in Hwasun formed in Koryo Dynasty are unique style which the Buddha faces each other the back parts of south and north within the stone Shrine. The stone Buddhas and Shrine are highly evaluated in historical, artistic and academic respects. But, the stone properties have been exposed in the open system various aspects of degradations weathered for a long time without specific protective facilities. The rock materials of the stone Buddhas and Shrine are about 47 blocks, and total press load is about 56.6 metric ton. The host rocks composed mainly of white grey hyaline lithic tuff and rhyolitic tuff breccia. In addition, biotite granite used as part during the restoration works. The chemical index of alteration for host tuffaceous rocks and the replacement granites range from 52.1 to 59.4 and 50.0 to 51.0, respectively. Weathering types for the stone Buddhas and Shrine were largely divided with physical, chemical and biological weathering to make a synthetic deterioration map according to aspects of damage, and estimate share as compared with surface area. Whole deterioration degrees are represented that physical weathering appeared exfoliation. Chemical weathering is black coloration and biological weathering of grey lichen, which show each lighly deterioration degrees. According to deterioration degree by direction of stone Buddhas and Shrine, physical weathering mostly appeared by 39.1% on the sorthern part, and chemical weathering is 61.2% high share on the western part. Biological weathering showed 38.3% the largest distribution on the southern part. Therefore, it is necessary to try hardening for the parts with serious cracks or exfoliations, remove secondary contaminants and organisms through regular cleaning. Also necessary to make a plan to remove moisture of the ground which causes weathering, and estimate that need established and scientific processing through clinical demonstration of conservation plan that chooses suitable treatment.

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Pigment Stability of Lavers Porhyra tenera Kjellman during Processing and Storage (김의 가공 저장중에 있어서의 색소의 안정도)

  • LEE Kang-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.105-133
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    • 1969
  • The stability of three major pigments in lavers, namely chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phy-cobilins, during processing and storage was studied. The results of the pigment retention in fresh lavers during storage at low temperatures, of heat lability during heat treatment, and of the pigment loss during storage are summarized as follows: 1. The contents of chlorophyll a, xanthophyll (lutein+zeaxanthin), and carotene ($\alpha-+\beta-carotene$) averaged 1,525, 627, and $409{\mu}g/g$ of dry samples respectively The comparative composition of four carotenoids, lutein, $\beta-carotene$, zeaxanthin, and $\alpha-carotene$, was 35.9, 33.7, 12.2, and $5.8\%$ respectively. 2. In storage of fresh lavers at room ternperature ($20-25^{\circ}C$), 2 to $5^{\circ}C$, and $-15^{\circ}C$, the pigments generally were retained more at 2 to $5^{\circ}C$ than others while carotene only showed more retention at $-15^{\circ}C$ than at 2 to $5^{\circ}C$. Phycocyanin tended to decrease more rapidly than phyco-erythrin at low temperatures. 3. In regard to heat treatment of both dried and wet materials at 40, 60, 80, $100^{\circ}C$ respectively, the pigments were more stable at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures in both cases of materials. Carotenoids were retained more in wet materials than in the sun dried. Xanthophylls showed higher heat stability than carotenes. Phycoerythrin was considered more heat labile than phycocyanin, particularly at higher temperatures. 4. In storage of heat treated lavers for 50 days at room temperature, the retention of pigments appeared differently in accordance with the temperatures of treatment The materials treated at $60^{\circ}C$ showed better relention of pigments than those treated at the other temperatures. Degradation rate of xanthopllylls, carotenes, and phycobilins was decreased in the materials treated at higher temperatures, showing a tendency of great pigment retention even for a long period storage. Chlorophyll il was retained more in sun dried materials whereas xanthophyll and carotene were retained more in the wet. 5. In order to maintain a higher pigment stability during storage, the materials must be treated at $60^{\circ}C$ in a dryer with rapid ventilation until the moisture level reaches about $6.0\%$. In case of treatment at a higher temperature than $60^{\circ}C$, they must be treated for a short period of time to minimize pigment degradation by heat. 6. The lavers treated with the solutions of pH around 7.8 showed a higher retention of chlorophyll a. When treated with the solutions of algal extracts such as agar and alginic acid, uniform layer of laver sheets and better surface gloss of dried layers were obtained.

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Studies on the grassland Development in the Forest IV. Possibility of the grassland improvement by spring sowing and microenvironmental conditions in the forest (임간초지 개발에 관한 연구 IV. 임간지에서 춘파초지개량 가능성과 주요 미기상 조사)

  • Park, M.S.;Han, Y.C.;Seo, S.;Lee, B.S.
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.31-37
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    • 1986
  • In order to study the possibility of grassland improvement by spring sowing in the forest, microenvironmental conditions, emergence, percentage of grasses and weeds, root weight and dry matter yield of grasses were investigated. Two field sites (forest grassland and full-sunlight grassland) and two sowing times (March 20 and April 10) were assigned. The condition of the forest grassland was area of pine trees with 50% shading, and the experiment was performed at the Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. For germination and early growth of grasses, full-sunlight grassland was more advantageous than forest grassland. Growth after that stage, on the other hand, forest grassland was more suitable. Especially, during dry and high temperature season, temperature of soil surface and underground in the forest grassland were decreased by $6-7^{\circ}C$ and $3-4^{\circ}C$ each other, compared with those of the full-sunlight grassland. Also soil moisture content was continuously higher in the forest grassland. 2. At March 20 sowing the emergence time in the full-sunlight grassland was shortened by 8 days, compared with that of the forest grassland. In case of sowing on April 10, however, there was no difference between two grassland sites. 3. Grasses grown in the forest was more prostrate and leaves from them decayed more, compared with those of the full-sunlight grassland. 4. The percentage of grasses in the forest grassland was 80 to 85 %, on the other hand, that of the full-sunlight grassland was only 15 to 20 %. And the percentage of grasses tended to be high in the plot of early sowing time. 5. Dry root weight and root length of grasses grown in the forest were inferior to those of the full-sunlight grassland (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between two sowing times. 6. Dry matter yield of grasses was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the forest grassland than in the full-sunlight grassland, and yield was influenced by sowing time. Higher yield (4,011 kg/ha) was produced in the plot of the forest grassland with early spring sowing. 7. From above results, it is suggested that grassland improvement by spring sowing in the forest is possible, and it is desirable to sow in early spring.

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Impact of IODM and ENSO on the East Asian Monsoon: Simulations through NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (동아시아 몬순 지역에서 IODM과 ENSO의 영향 : NCAR Community Atmospheric Model을 이용한 모의 실험)

  • Oh J.-H.;Chaudhari H. S.;Kripalani R. H.
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.240-249
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    • 2005
  • The normal Indian Ocean is characterized by warmer waters over the eastern region and cooler waters over the western region. Changes in sea surface temperature (SST) over the western and eastern Indian Ocean give birth to a phenomenon now referred to as the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IODM). The positive phase of this mode is characterized by positive SST anomalies over the western Indian Ocean and negative anomalies over the southeastern Indian Ocean, while the negative phase is characterized by a reversed SST anomaly pattern. On the other hand, the normal Pacific Ocean has warm (cool) waters over the western (eastern) parts. Positive (negative) SST anomalies over the central/eastern (western) Pacific Ocean characterize the E1 Nino phenomenon. The reverse situation leads to the La Nina phenomenon. The coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon over the Pacific is referred to as the E1 Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. In this study the impact of IODM and ENSO on the East Asian monsoon variability has been studied using observational data and using the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Five sets of model experiments were performed with anomalous SST patterns associated with IODM/ENSO superimposed on the climatological SSTs. The empirical and dynamic approaches reveal that it takes about 3-4 seasons fur the peak IODM mode to influence the summer monsoon activity over East Asia. On the other hand, the impact of ENSO on the East Asian monsoon could occur simultaneously. Further, the negative (positive) phase of IODM and E1 Nino (La Nina) over the Pacific enhances (suppresses) monsoon activity over the Korea-Japan Sector. Alternatively, IODM appears to have no significant impact on monsoon variability over China. However, El Nino (La Nina) suppresses (enhances) monsoon activity over China. While the IODM appears to influence the North Pacific subtropical high, ENSO appears to influence the Aleutian low over the northwest Pacific. Thus, the moisture supply towards East Asia from the Pacific is determined by the strengthening/weakening of the subtropical high and the Aleutian low.

Quality change of mini sweet pumpkins (suppress cultivation, fall planting) during storage at different conditions (가을작형 억제재배 미니단호박의 저장조건별 품질 변화)

  • Oh, Bong-Yun;Jo, Gyeong-Suk;Lee, You-Seok;Kang, Jeong-Hwa;Jang, Mi-Hyang;Hwangbo, In-Sik
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.779-787
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    • 2015
  • We stored sweet pumpkins at $8^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$ plasma curing and room temperature (control) for 180 days. During this time, the quality characteristics were analyzed within the different groups. No spoiling occurred in either of the storage conditions for up to 120 days, and the marketability was good. After 120 days, spoiling sharply increased by over 70% in the control group, while in the $12^{\circ}C$ group it decreased to 20~60%. Conversely, spoiling was completely absent in the $8^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$ plasma curing groups during the overall 180 days of storage. The lowest moisture content was found in the $8^{\circ}C$ group and the quality of the pumpkins was excellent during the entire storage period. The color of pulp was better in the $12^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$ plasma curing groups, with best results were found in the latest. Both the $8^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$ plasma curing groups maintained their dark green surface colors, while both the $12^{\circ}C$ and control groups turned from green to yellow. All groups showed a reduction in their initial hardness, with the $8^{\circ}C$ group staying the hardest. Soluble solid and mealiness was increased to the storage during 90 days while decreased, that were long to maintain the mealiness texture in the $8^{\circ}C$ storage pumpkin. The overall acceptability from sensory evaluation was higher in the $12^{\circ}C$ plasma curing group, when compared to those of the $8^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$ and control groups storage conditions.

Quality and Sensory Score of Ground Pork Meats on the Addition of Pork Fat, Olive Oil and Soybean Oil (돼지지방, 올리브유 및 대두유를 첨가한 분쇄돈육의 품질 및 기호성)

  • Youn, Dong-Hwa;Park, Kyung-Sook;Lee, Kyung-Soo;Park, Hyun-Suk;Moon, Yoon-Hee;Yang, Jong-Beom;Jung, In-Chul
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.17 no.7 s.87
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    • pp.964-969
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    • 2007
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effects of addition of pork fat, olive oil and soybean oil on the quality and sensory of ground pork meat. The samples consisted of the ground pork meat containing 20% pork fat (GP-P), 20% olive oil (GP-O), and 20% soybean oil (GP-S). The chemical composition, surface color, fatty acid composition, water hold-ing capacity, pH, VBN content and TBARS value were determined for the ground pork meat as the quality characteristics, and the sensory score were also evaluated. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash content were not different among the GP-P, GP-O and GP-S. The $L^{*}$(lighaess), $a^{*}$(redness) and $b^{*}$(yellowness) of /GP-P were higher than those of the GP-O and GP-S (p<0.05). Palmitic acid was the most abundant among saturated fatty acids, and palmitic acid content of GP-P (24.384%)was higher than that of the GP-O (15.611%) and GP-5 (14.423%). In case of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid of GP-P (43.773%) and GP-O (65.040%) were the highest, linoleic. acid for GP-5 (40.762) was the highest. The water holding capacity of GP-P was higher than that of the GP-0 and GP-5, the pH of GP-S was higher than that of the GP-P and GP-O, and the VBN content and TBARS value of GP-P was higher than that of the GP-O and GP-5 (p<0.05). The raw color of GP-0 and GP-S were higher than that of the GP-P (p<0.05), however the raw aroma was not different among the samples. In case of roasted ground pork meat, the aroma was not different among the samples, the taste, texture and palatability or GP-S were the highest among the samples, and the juiciness of GP-O and GP-S were higher than that of the GP-P(p<0.05).

Cooling Properties and Quality Changes during Storage of Citron (Citrus junos) (유자의 냉각특성 및 저장중 품질변화)

  • Jeong, Jin-Woong;Lee, Young-Chul;Kim, Jong-Hoon;Kim, Oni-Woung;Nahmgung, Bae
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.1071-1077
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    • 1996
  • Quality changes in citron (Citrus junos) during storage were studied to investigate the efficiency, cooling properties and the washing and storage effects of hydrocooling method. As a result of plotting the nondimensionalized citron temperature versus cooling time, its cooling rate coefficient was shown to be $-0.012\;min^4{\sim}\;-0.017\;min^4\;(R^2=0.97{\sim}0.99)$ at center, and to be $-0.033\;min^4{\sim}\;0.075\;min^4\;(R^2=0.89{\sim}0.93)$ at surface. During storage, weight loss was more affected by storage temperature than by pretreatment condition and in reached $22{\sim}23%$ after 7 weeks at $15^{\circ}C\;and\;10{\sim}11%$ after 8 weeks at $5^{\circ}C$ in all samples. However, changes in moisture contents of hydrocooled citron were shown to be about $1{\sim}2%$ after 7 weeks while that of non-treated citron was about 3% after 1 week of storage at $5^{\circ}C$. And the change of pH, acidity and soluble solid content were not significantly different between each treatments during storage $5^{\circ}C\;and\;15^{\circ}C$. Changes in Hunter L, a, and b values of hydrocooled citron were lower than those of non-treated one as the storage time increased. The respiration rate of hydrocooled citron during storage at $15^{\circ}C$ was $103.63\;mg{\cdot}CO_2/kg{\cdot}hr$, which is about 50% of that of non-treated citron.

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