• 대한화학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.124-127
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• 1965

The surface tension of the solution of dodecylpridinium bromide was measured by the ring method over the range $25^{\circ}\; to\; 45^{\circ}C.$ The critical micelle concentration was determined from the change of the surface tension of solution with concentration. The temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration was also investigated. The result was compared with Adderson and Taylor's data determined by the conductivity method.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2004

We have studied the surface micelle formation of polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) at the air-water interface. A series of four PS-b-P2VPs were synthesized by anionic polymerization, keeping the PS block length constant (28 kg/㏖) and varying the P2VP block length (1, 11, 28, or 59 kg/㏖). The surface pressure-area ($\pi$-A) isotherms were measured and the surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) after Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition onto silicon wafers. At low surface pressure, the hydrophobic PS blocks aggregate to form pancake-like micelle cores and the hydrophilic P2VP block chains spread on the water surface to form a corona-like monolayer. The surface area occupied by a block copolymer is proportional to the molecular weight of the P2VP block and identical to the surface area occupied by a homo-P2VP. It indicates that the entire surface is covered by the P2VP monolayer and the PS micelle cores lie on the P2VP monolayer. As the surface pressure is increased, the $\pi$-A isotherm shows a transition region where the surface pressure does not change much with the film compression. In this transition region, which displays high compressibility, the P2VP blocks restructure from the monolayer and spread at the air-water interface. After the transition, the Langmuir film becomes much less compressible. In this high-surface-pressure regime, the PS cores cover practically the entire surface area, as observed by AFM and the limiting area of the film. All the diblock copolymers formed circular micelles, except for the block copolymer having a very short P2VP block (1 kg/㏖), which formed large, non-uniform PS aggregates. By mixing with the block copolymer having a longer P2VP block (11 kg/㏖), we observed rod-shaped micelles, which indicates that the morphology of the surfaces micelles can be controlled by adjusting the average composition of block copolymers.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 1984

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of crude ginseng saponin in water was determined by fluorometry and surface-tension measurement. These two methods gave the the CMC value, 0.015g/100ml AND 0.013G/100ml, respectively. The surface excess of the saponin and the area occupied by a saponin molecule at the monolayer adsorbed at air and waterinterface were calculated employing Gibbs adsorption equation. The presence of salt increased the surface activity of the saponin: it decreased the CMC, the surface tension at the CMC and the area occupied by a saponin molecule at the monolayer, which should be due to the salting-out effect of the salt.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1392-1396
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• 2004

The micellization of dodecylpyridinum chloride (DPC) assembled on aqueous gold nanoparticles has been studied as a function of concentration using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). At the low concentration, the strong SERS band of the benzene ring moiety was observed at 1025 $cm^{-1}$, and assigned to “trigonal ring breathing”. According to high concentration of DPC, a new strong band was also appeared at 1012 $cm^{-1}$, which was assigned to “totally symmetry ring breathing”. The difference of two spectra seems to ascribe to the geometry of polar head group, i.e., pyridinium cation. These geometry exist flat-down at low concentration, whereas standing-up or tilted geometry at high concentration. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was first obtained from the ratio of intensities of the two bands related to the benzene ring moiety by vibrational spectroscopy, and was about 28 mM. After the CMC, the benzene ring moiety in the micelle state was more restricted than in monomer state because there is no more change of intensities at 1012 $cm^{-1}$. In addition, the size of gold-assembled micelle was estimated using light scattering and it was about 328.3 nm.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.272-276
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• 2005

Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was grown in BHIB medium supplemented with $Mn^{2+}$ for 96 h at $37^{\circ}C$ in a shaker incubator. After removing the microbial biomass, a lipopeptide biosurfactant was extracted from the supernatant. Its structure was established by chemical and spectroscopy methods. The structure was confirmed by physical properties, such as Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB), surface activity and erythrocyte hemolytic capacity. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and erythrocyte hemolytic capacity of the biosurfactant were compared to those of surfactants such as SDS, BC (benzalkonium chloride), TTAB (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide) and HTAB (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). The maximum hemolytic effect for all surfactants mentioned was observed at concentrations above cmc. The maximum hemolytic effect of synthetic surfactants was more than that of the biosurfactant produced by B. subtilis ATCC 6633. Therefore, biosurfactant would be considered a suitable surface-active agent due to low toxicity to the membrane.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2018

Micelle-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF) is a membrane separation processes that improving ultrafiltration process with the formation of micelles of the surface active agents. Surface active agents are widely used to improve membrane processes due to the ability to trap organic compounds and metals in the treatment of industrial waste water. In this study, surface active agents are used to improve micelle-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solid (TDS), turbidity and clogging the membrane in dairy wastewater treatment. Three important operational factors (anionic surface active agent concentration, pressure and pH) and these interactions were investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design. Results show that due to the concentration polarization layer and increase the number of Micelles; the anionic surface active agent concentration has a negative effect on the flux and has a positive effect on the elimination of contamination indices. pH, and the pressure have the greatest effect on flux. On the other hand, it could be stated that these percentages of separation are in the percentages range of Nano-filtration (NF). While MEUF process has higher flux than NF process. The results have been achieved at lower pressure while NF process needs high pressure, thus making MEUF is the replacement for the NF process.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2000

On the basis of theory of Bratsch's electronegativity equalization the electronegativity equalization the group electronegativities and the group partial charges for cationic and amphoteric surface and amphoteric surfactants could be calculated using Pauling's electronegativity parameters. From calculated output we have investigated relationships between CMC(critical micelle concentration) and partial charge and group electronegativity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups structural stability of micelle for cationic and amphoteric surfactants. As a result CMC depends upon partial charge and electronegativity of hydrophilic group is decreased. With increasing the carbon number of hydrophilic group for cationic surfactant its partial charge is increased but CMC and its electronegativity are decreased. With increasing the carbon number of hydrophobic group for cationic and amphoteric surfactant its partial charge is increased but CMC andits electronegativity are decreased.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2005

토양 시료로부터 n-hexadecane 대사능을 가지며 배양액의 표면장력을 감소시키고, 탄화수소를 가장 잘 유화시키는 세균을 oil-film collapsing 방법을 통해 선별하였다. 세균은 Bacillus sp.로 부분동정되었으며, BJS-51로 명명하였다. 생물계면활성제의 최적 생산에는 n-hexadecane이 가장 효과적인 탄소원이었으며, 3%의 농도일 때 표면장력이 76 dyne/cm에서 31 dyne/cm로 감소하였다. 이 때, CMD(critical micelle dilution)가 5.7로 가장 높았다. 질소원으로는 $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$가 가장 효과적이었으며, C/N ratio가 60인 경우 표면장력이 29 dyne/cm, CMD가 9.2로 가장 활성이 좋았다. 생산 최적 pH는 7.2였으며, 최적 온도는 $30^{\circ}C$였다. Bacillus sp. BJS-51에 의해 생산된 생물계면활성제를 유기용매추출법과 preparative HPLC systems을 통해 추출, 정제하였다. 각종 발색 시약으로 정제된 생물계면활성제의 생화학적 성질을 조사한 결과, 지질다당임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 생산된 생물계면활성제의 표면장력은 27 dyne/cm까지 감소하였으며, CMC(critical micelle concentration)는 0.08 g/l였다. 상기의 최적조건에서 생물계면활성제의 생산량은 CMD값이 9.2이었으므로 약 0.74 g/l이었다. 생산된 생물계면활성제는 $pH\;2{\sim}12$ 사이에서 표면장력 $29{\sim}31\;dyne/cm$로 안정하였으며, $100^{\circ}C$에서 60분간 열을 가한 후에도 표면장력 $29{\sim}30\;dyne/cm$로 안정하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.224-229
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• 1992

지방산과 소디움 이세치오네이트로부터 음이온 계면활성제인 소디움 아실 이세치오네이트를 합성하여 이를 정제하고 각 아실기에 따른 계면활성의 경향을 연구하기 위하여 표면장력, 기포도, 기포 안정도, 분산력, 세정력 및 c.m.c 등을 측정하였다. 그 결과 소디움 아실 이세치오네이트는 우수한 계면활성을 나타내었으며, c.m.c 농도는 $1.1{\times}10^{-4}mol/l$에서 $4.8{\times}10^{-3}mol/l$ 부근에서 추정되었고, 이 때의 표면장력은 26.8dyn/cm에서 36.7dyn/cm이었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1998

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of new functional surfactant including new type of anionic surfactants. Anionic surfactants, ${\alpha}-sulfo$ fatty acids that straight long chain alkyl group having from 12 to 18 carbon atoms, were synthesized with sulfur trioxide-dioxane complex to good yield. Xylitol ${\alpha}-sulfo$ fatty acid esters were obtained by reaction that the acetification and esterification of xylitol, by addition reaction with sodium chloride and hydrolysis respectively. These compounds were a new group of destructible surfactants which readily hydrolyzed and oxidized in natural water reservoirs. Physical properties of these new compounds involved surface tension, critical micelle concentration(cmc), foaming power, emulsion power, and hydrolysis properties, were measured. The cmc values of the compounds by ring method were assumed to $7.0{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}3.0{\times}10^{-2}mol/{\ell}$ range and surface tensions at cmc were $25{\sim}31dyne/cm$ respectively.