• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the continuous forms of time and space that work as architectural design principles of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Jewish Memorial). Continuity is divided into two, physical and non-physical attributes. The former extends from small installations to furnitures, finishes, spatial composition, and even spatial networks that complete architecture, and the latter is tied to time, from traditional to historical, developmental, commemorative or memorial elements. They are inherent in architecture as continuous forms. The Jewish Memorial is analyzed by the analysing framework of these two items. The analysis of the two layers can be summarized as follows; physical continuity is found in the space networks of the Memorial's inside and outside, the undulating spaces, the finishes, the small furnitures and installations, the entrances of staircases, the expanded underground of the ground order, and non-physical continuity manifests in the topological variation of spatiality, the morphological development of memorial architecture, the connection of semantic sense of space, and the superposition of historicity and modernity. These forms of continuity do not aestheticize the German enormity history, but make the meaning of the Memorial into non-superficial, in-depth architecture as a monument. Thus, the results of this study show that physical and non-physical continuity should be considered as the important design principles of architecture that makes the Memorial architecture possible.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.995-1002
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• 2020

This paper investigates the achievable data rate for non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) with correlated information sources(CIS), under the binary phase shift keying(BPSK) modulation, in contrast to most of the existing NOMA designs using continuous Gaussian input modulations. First, the closed-form expression for the achievable data rate of NOMA with CIS and BPSK is derived, for both users. Then it is shown by numerical results that for the stronger channel user, the achievable data rate of CIS reduces, compared with that of independent information sources( IIS). We also demonstrate that for the weaker channel user, the achievable data rate of CIS increases, compared with that of IIS. In addition, the intensive analyses of the probability density function(PDF) of the observation and the inter-user interferennce(IUI) are provided to verify our theoretical results.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1003-1010
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• 2020

This paper investigates the achievable data rate for the single-user decoding(SUD) receiver, which does not perform successive interference cancellation(SIC), in contrast to the conventional SIC non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) scheme. First, the closed-form expression for the achievable data rate of SUD NOMA with correlated information sources(CIS) is derived, for the stronger channel user. Then it is shown that for the stronger channel user, the achievable data rate of SUD NOMA with independent information sources(IIS) is generally inferior to that of conventional SIC NOMA with IIS. However, for especially highly CIS, we show that the achievable data rate of SUD NOMA is greatly superior to that of conventional SIC NOMA. In addition, to verify the impact of CIS on the achievable data rate of SUD, the extensive comparisons of the achievable data rates for the SUD receiver and the SIC receiver are compared for various correlation coefficients.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.136-142
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• 2020

Apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100), the main protein component that makes up LDL (Low density lipoprotein), consists of 4,536 amino acids and serves to combine with the LDL receptor. The oxidized LDL peptides by malondialdehyde (MDA) or acetylation in vivo were act as immunoglobulin (Ig) antigens and peptide groups were classified into 7 peptide groups with subsequent 20 amino acids (P1-P302). The biomimetic peptide P99 (KGTYG LSCQR DPNTG RLNGE) out of B-group peptides carrying the highest value of IgM antigens were selected for structural studies that may provide antigen specificity. Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra were measured for peptide secondary structure in the range of 190-260 nm. Experimental results show that P99 has pseudo α-helice and random coil structure. Homonuclear (COSY, TOCSY, NOESY) 2D-NMR experiments were carried out for NMR signal assignments and structure determination for P99. On the basis of these completely assigned NMR spectra and proton distance information, distance geometry (DG) and molecular dynamic (MD) were carried out to determine the structures of P99. The proposed structure was selected by comparisons between experimental NOE spectra and back-calculated 2D NOE results from determined structure showing acceptable agreement. The total Root-Mean-Square-Deviation (RMSD) value of P99 obtained upon superposition of all atoms were in the set range. The solution state P99 has mixed structure of pseudo α-helix and β-turn(Gln[9] to Thr[13]). These NMR results are well consistent with secondary structure from experimental results of circular dichroism. Structural studies based on NMR may contribute to the prevent oxidation studies of atherosclerosis and observed conformational characteristics of apo B-100 in LDL using monoclonal antibodies.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.267-273
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• 2021

Non-orthogonal multiple access is the promised candidates in the next generation wireless networks to improve the spectral efficiency by superposing multiple signals. In general, the superposition coding is performed using the difference in channel gain between users based on the user's power allocation. However, when user pairs have the similar channel gain problem, NOMA can not be allowed in the scenario. To overcome this problem, phase rotation based NOMA is presented to increase minimum distance between superposed signals in the constellation point. This paper proposed a novel non-orthogonal multiple access based index modulation using phase rotation. The additional bits can transfer using the index bits that is allocated according to the activated state of the phase rotation. Simulation results are shown that bit error rate and achievable sum rate are better than conventional NOMA.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1060-1066
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• 2021

Recently, researches for quantum computers have been carried out in various fields. Quantum computers performs calculations by utilizing various phenomena and characteristics of quantum mechanics such as quantum entanglement and quantum superposition, thus it is a very complex calculation process compared to classical computers used in the past. In order to simulate a quantum computer, many factors and parameters of a quantum computer need to be analyzed, for example, error verification, optimization, and reliability verification. Therefore, it is necessary to visualize circuits that can intuitively simulate the configuration of the quantum computer components. In this paper, we present a novel visualization method for designing complex quantum computer system, and attempt to create a 3D visualization toolkit to deploy large circuits, provide help a new way to design large-scale quantum computing systems that can be built into future computing systems.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2022

An improvement of computational resources with a large scale cluster service is available to the individual person, which has been limited to the original industry and research institute. Therefore, the application of powerful computational resources to the engineering design has been increased fast. In naval and marine industry, the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics, which requires a huge computational effort, to a design of ship and offshore structure has been increased. Floating bodies such as the ship or offshore structure is exposed to ocean waves, current and wind in the ocean, therefore the precise modelling of those environmental disturbances is important in Computational Fluid Dynamics. Especially, ocean waves has to be nonlinear rather than the linear model based on the superposition due to a nonlinear characteristics of Computational Fluid Dynamics. In the present study, a fast reconstruction technique is suggested and it is validated from a series of simulations by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.7-18
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• 2022

Secondary batteries used in electric vehicles have a potential risk of ignition and explosion. Various safety measures are being taken to prevent these risks. A numerical study was performed using a computational fluid dynamics code on the cases where pressure relief vents that can reduce the blast overpressures of batteries were installed in the through-compression test room, short-circuit drop test room, combustion test room, and immersion test room in facilities rleated to battery used in electric vehicles. This study was conducted using the weight of TNT equivalent to the energy release from the battery, where the the thermal runaway energy was set to 324,000 kJ for the capacity of the lithium-ion battery was 90 kWh and the state of charge (SOC) of the battery of 100%. The explosion energy of TNT (△H_TNT) generally has a range of 4,437 to 4,765 kJ/kg, and a value of 4,500 kJ/kg was thus used in this study. The dimensionless explosion efficiency coefficient was defined as 15% assuming the most unfavorable condition, and the TNT equivalent mass was calculated to be 11 kg. The internal explosion generated in a test room shows the very complex propagation behavior of blast waves. The shock wave generated after the explosion creates reflected shock waves on all inner surfaces. If the internally reflected shock waves are not effectively released to the outside, the overpressures inside are increased or maintained due to the continuous reflection and superposition from the inside for a long time. Blast simulations for internal explosion targeting four test rooms with pressure relief vents installed were herein conducted. It was found that that the maximum blast overpressure of 34.69 bar occurred on the rear wall of the immersion test room, and the smallest blast overpressure was calculated to be 3.58 bar on the side wall of the short-circuit drop test room.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.9-16
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• 2021

In binary-modulation non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), there has been rare researches for the 1+1 capacity region to be achieved; how much total power is required and what power allocation is assigned for this total power. In this paper, the average total transmitted power to achieve 1+1 capacity region of binary pulse amplitude modulation (2PAM) NOMA is investigated, with a tolerable loss. Then, based on the sufficient average total transmitted power, we calculate the power allocation coefficient to achieve 1+1 capacity region. Furthermore, it is shown by numerical results that with the tolerable loss less than 0.008, near 1+1 capacity region is achieved. We also calculate numerically the power allocation coefficient for both users to achieve near 1+1 capacity region. As a result, for 2PAM NOMA to operate near 1+1 capacity region, proper total power with appropriate power allocation could be calculated in design of NOMA systems.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.986-992
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• 2021

To stabilize closed-loop wireless control systems, the state-of-the-art approach receives the individual sensor measurements at the controller and then sends the computed control signal to the actuators. We propose an over-the-air controller scheme where all sensors attached to the plant transmit scaled sensing signals simultaneously to the actuator, and the actuator then computes the feedback control signal by scaling the received signal. The over-the-air controller essentially adopts the over-the-air computation concept to compute the control signal for closed-loop wireless control systems. In contrast to the state-of-the-art sensor-to-controller and controller-to-actuator communication approach, the over-the-air controller exploits the superposition properties of multiple-access wireless channels to complete the communication and computation of a large number of sensing signals in a single communication resource unit. Therefore, the proposed scheme can obtain significant benefits in terms of low actuation delay and low resource utilization with a simple network architecture that does not require a dedicated controller.