• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1297-1301
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• 2005

This study was carried to develop the new functional food material by exploring natural antioxidant substances of Crotalaria sessiflora L. We compared antioxidative activity of potential antioxidant substances extracted from Crotalaria sessiflora L. The order of extract yield of Crotalaria sessiflora L. were stem > loaves > seed > root. Antioxidative activities of Crotalaria sessiflora L. were measured by total polyphenol contents EDA (electron donating activity), SOD (superoxide dismutase) -like activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging ability. Total polyphenol acid content was much higher in leaves Ex than other extracts. And leaves Ex showed the most excellent antioxidative activity ($86.27\%$) in terms of SOD-like activity. The EDA was ordered loaves Ex > stem Ex > seed Ex > root Ex. Hydroxy radical scavenging ability was the most effective in loaves Ex, and hydorogen Peroxide radical scavenging ability was the highest in seed Ex. Therefore we could be certain that leaves Ex was the most effective in antioxidative activity from Crotalaria sessiflora L.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to measure flavonoid and polyphenol contents, and physiological activities of various extracts from Vitex rotundifolia seeds (known as Man Hyung Ja). We obtained three extracts using water (WE), ethanol (EE) and hot water (HWE). The EE sample had the highest flavonoid content of 31.05 mg/g. Polyphenol contents of WE and HWE were 186.69 mg/g and 182.55 mg/g, respectively. HWE had the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, at 83.40%. The electron donating abilities (EDA) were $91.14{\sim}95.97%$ at the concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, and all of extracts showed more than 88% EDA even at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. The inhibitory rates of xanthine oxidase were $94.02{\sim}97.51%$ when 1.0 mg/mL extracts were used, and all extracts showed more than 90% inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL. The nitrite scavenging abilities were $59.27{\sim}86.61%$ at pH 1.2 and 1.0 mg/mL extract concentration; these abilities decreased as pH increased. Tyrosinase inhibition activities of HWE and WE were 48.58% and 46.67%, respectively. These results indicate that Vitex rotundifolia seeds extract might be an effective antioxidative activity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.461-468
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• 2008

To obtain basic da1a on the preparation of Cudrania tricuspidata leaves tea, the quality and anti-oxidative characteristics of dried raw leaves (RT), pan-fired leaves tea (PT) and fermented leaves tea (FT) were investigated. General characteristics of RT, PT and FT, respectively, were: moisture content 18.47, 6.23 and 8.50%; crude protein content 17.77, 20.46 and 19.13%; and carbohydrate content 54.42, 62.52 and 61.96%. The crude lipid and ash contents were in the range 0.05 - 0.07% and 9.27 -10.74% respectively; the water soluble solid content was in the order FT > PT > RT and ranged from 23.10 - 37.38%; there were no significant differences in the total polyphenol content (815.24 - 835.16 mg%). Although $L^*$ values of PT (20.94) and FT (20.85) were lower than those of RT (34.71), the $a^*$ value in PT and the $b^*$ value in FT were highest. In all ethanol extracts the reducing power, electron-donating ability and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the activity in FT was higher than in PT or RT. The total free amino-acid content was higher in FT (1429.93 mg%) than RT (1108.94 mg%) or PT (833.13 mg%). The major amino acids were L-asparagine and L-valine in RT, L-cysteine and L-glutamic acid in PT and L-proline in FT. In a sensory evaluation of PT and FT, bitter and astringent tastes were decreased relative to RT, while sweet and savory tastes, flavor, color and overall acceptability were increased. These results indicate that FT bas a higher antioxidant effect and free-amino-acid content than PT, while the sensory quality of FT is similar to that of PT.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate changes of hemolymph count, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase: CAT and superoxide dismutase: SOD) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA in hemolymph, hepatopancreas and gill of abalone (Haliotis sieboldii) exposed to various water temperatures. Abalones were exposed to 10, 15, 20, 25 or $30^{\circ}C$ for 0, 6, 12, 24 or 48 hours. Survival rate of abalone was 100% at 10, 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, but 0% at $30^{\circ}C$. Hemolymph counts increased at lower water temperatures (10 and $15^{\circ}C$) and decreased at $30^{\circ}C$. SOD activity decreased immediately after exposure to lower or higher water temperatures compared to the control ($20^{\circ}C$) with an exception at $30^{\circ}C$ where the activity increased. At lower temperatures, SOD activity rose high after 24 hours, but decreased again at 48 hours. At $25^{\circ}C$, it decreased compared to the control. CAT activity decreased immediately after exposure to 10 or $25^{\circ}C$ compared to the control, and then was recovered to the initial level after increment. At $15^{\circ}C$, CAT activity was high after 6 hours, and then was recovered to the initial level after increment. At $30^{\circ}C$, the activity decreased throughout the experiment. The HSP70 mRNA expression in gill increased at lower temperatures compared to the control ($20^{\circ}C$) and $25^{\circ}C$. In this study, rapid change of wale, temperature caused stress response in abalone which had been raised at $20^{\circ}C$. At molecular level, HSP70 was expressed rapidly, but antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were expressed later than HSP70. At 15 and $25^{\circ}C$ of water temperatures, the HSP70, SOD and CAT expression were stable with time. However, at $30^{\circ}C$, all abalone died possibly because they could not develop resistance to high temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1640-1648
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity of bamboo (Sasa borealis) leaf extract by measuring electron donating ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Two crude extracts by water or 70% EtOH and five fractions of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous from the crude extract of 70% EtOH were prepared for this study. The crude extracts of water and 70% EtOH yielded 8.5% and 11.4%, respectively and the yields of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions were 5.1% to 0.6%. Total polyphenol contents of the water and the 70% EtOH crude extracts were not significantly different; however, their total flavonoid contents were significantly greater in the 70% EtOH than in the water crude extract. Total polyphenol contents were the highest in chloroform fraction followed by ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions and total flavonoid contents were the highest in ethyl acetate fraction followed by chloroform and n-hexane fractions. The two crude extracts as well as the five fractions showed election donating ability, SOD-like ability, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Most of the antioxidant activities of each crude extract or fractions increased proportionally with the concentration. These results indicate that bamboo (Sasa borealis) leaf extracts show antioxidant activities due to its substantial content of polyphenol including flavonoid. Thus, it could be concluded that crude extracts by water or 70% EtOH and the fractions from the 70% EtOH extract, especially chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, would be useful as natural antioxidant substances.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2012

The present study was performed to investigate antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities of four Korean sweet potato variaties and to identify the changes in these biological activities under different cooking conditions. Total polyphenol content was 3.8-73.6 mg/g in 80% ethanol extracts of sweet potatoes. The polyphenol content was highest Sinjami variety (p < 0.05). Radical scavenging activity against DPPH and $ABTS^{{\cdot}+}$ was high in Sinjami (p < 0.05) and the ethanol extract from Sinjami also showed effective superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, which decreased significantly by steaming and roasting (p < 0.05). Ethanol extracts from the four sweet potato variaties did not inhibit cancer cell growth in MCF-7 or HepG2 cells at concentrations of 1, 10, and $100\;{\mu}g$/mL. Of the investigated sweet potato variaties, only Sinjami exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. The antimicrobial activity of Sinjami against E. coli, St. aureus, and S. typhimurium decreased following steaming and roasting (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the Sinjami Korean sweet potato had higher polyphenol content, radical scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, and antimicrobial activity than those of the other variaties and consuming raw Sinjami might be beneficial for maintenance of biological activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1087-1096
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activity of extracts of fresh mushrooms. The components were extracted by hot water; subsequently, the hot-water extract was subjected to 60% ethanol precipitation to yield high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions. Total polyphenol contents, $\beta$-glucan contents, electron-donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, nitrite-scavenging activity, fibrinolytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inhibition of NO production of the mushroom extracts were measured using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells. The extracts of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer contained the highest levels of $\beta$-glucan (33.5% and 25.57%, respectively). Further, the LMW fractions of the Phellinus linteus contained the highest levels of polyphenols (233.23 mg/g). The EDA of LMW fractions (10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Agaricus bisporus were 80.74% and 51.35%, respectively. Further, SOD-like activities of the LMW fractions were high as compared to those of the HMW fractions. Nitrite-scavenging activities of the LMW fractions (pH 1.2; concentration, 10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer were 75.95% and 41.05%, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of the LMW fractions of all mushrooms showed no enzyme activity by fibrin plate assay. The fibrinolytic activity of the extracts of Tricholoma matsutake was the greatest inhibitory activity at 60.4%. Further study revealed that the mushroom extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. The LMW fraction ($500\;{\mu}g/mL$) of the Phellinus linteus considerably inhibited NO production (100%).

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.171-179
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• 2001

The effect of $\alpha-Tocopherol\;(\alpha-Toc)$ level in diet on the biochemical property of sweet smelt, Plecoglossus altivelis, was investigated. The cultured sweet smelt fish were fed two different diets for 8 weeks; a control diet was added $0.01\%$ of $\alpha-Toc$ (CO group) and an experimental diet was added $1.00\%$ of $\alpha-Toc$ (HT group). Both diets were rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), accounting for $12.3-13.2\%$ and $12.1-12.4\%$, respectively. Growth rate (GR) and feed efficiency (FE) were almost no difference between both groups, but female fish of both groups were superior to male fish in GR and FE. Lipid contents of muscle and ovary were high in CO group compared with HT group, but that of testis showed a similar level in both groups. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in muscle showed almost no difference in sex and between both groups. In testes, the proportion of PUFA was 1.35 times for HT group to 1.54 times for CO group as much as in ovaries, in which was high approximately 1.5 times compared with muscle. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroxyl (OH) radical levels of plasma were higher in CO group than HT group and superoxide dismutase activity was also slightly high in the former. The intensity of watermelon-like or cucumber -like aroma was related positively with TBARS and OH radical levels in plasma. The level of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (CHOL) in plasma of CO group was higher than those of HT group. Survival rate was high in CO group with higher level of TG and CHOL in plasma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1503-1510
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate antioxidant substances (phenolic compounds and brown pigment), antioxidative effect and nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of solvent extracts (hexane: HE, methanol; ME, water: WE) from fermented soybean foods, Chungkukjang and Doenjang. The antioxidant activities were determined by the measurements of peroxide value (POV) on the linoleic acid system, electron donating ability (EDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. The contents of phenolic compounds and total brown pigments in Doenjang were $28.5{\pm}0.3mg/100g$ and optical density (OD) $1.98{\pm}0.03$, respectively, whereas their contents in Chungkukjang were significantly lower with $5.8{\pm}0.3mg/100g$ and OD $0.95{\pm}0.02$. The brown pigment contents of hydrophilic extracts increased more than that of lipophilic extracts through the fermentation and ripening processes. The ME of Doenjang exhibited higher inhibitory effects against the peroxidation of a linoleic acid system than that of Chungkukjang. The EDA and NSA of MEs were higher than those of WEs. Among the MEs, Doenjang showed the highest levels of EDA and NSA. On the other hand, the SOD-like activities of WE were higher than those of ME at the same concentrations and their activities of Doenjang were significantly higher than that of Chungkukjang. In conclusion, the antioxidative effects and NSA of Doenjang was significantly higher than those of Chungkukjang. It seemed that phenolic compounds and brown pigments formed during fermentation and ripening partly affect the antioxidative activities of fermented soybean foods.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1403-1414
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• 2021

Objective: This study explored the mechanism of the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway under conditions of zearalenone (ZEA)-induced oxidative stress in the duodenum of post-weaning gilts. Methods: Forty post-weaning gilts were randomly allocated to four groups and fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/kg ZEA. Results: The results showed significant reductions in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and increases the malondialdehyde content with increasing concentrations of dietary ZEA. Immunohistochemical analysis supported these findings by showing a significantly increased expression of Nrf2 and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) with increasing concentrations of ZEA. The relative mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, GPX1 increased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05), which was consistent with the immunohistochemical results. The relative mRNA expression of Keap1 decreased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) in the duodenum as the ZEA concentration increased in the diet. The relative mRNA expression of modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLM) increased quadratically (p<0.05) in all ZEA treatment groups and the relative mRNA expression of quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase decreased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) in the ZEA1.0 group and ZEA1.5 group. The relative protein expression of Keap1 and GCLM decreased quadratically (p<0.05) in the duodenum as the ZEA concentration increased in the diet, respectively. The relative protein expression of NQO1 increased linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) in all ZEA treatment groups in the duodenum. Conclusion: These findings suggest that ZEA regulates the expression of key factors of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in the duodenum, which enables resistance to ZEA-induced oxidative stress. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of ZEA induced oxidative stress on other tissues and organs in post-weaning gilts.