• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.278-285
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• 2012

In an experiment in which fermentation was done by adding fungal species that have antibiosis but do not have cellulase, the extraction amount of EGC, EC, EGCG, and ECG increased in all samples that fermented by adding sun-dried salt compared to those that fermented only with green tea after fermenting green tea by mixing it with sun-dried salt. In the analysis conducted according to the days of fermentation, the high extraction amounts of EGC(epigallocatechin), ECG(epicatechin gallate), EC(epicatechin), and EGCG(epigallocatechin gallate) were detected on the second and third day. Furthermore, when fermentation was done by adding ferment bacillus, all types of catechin(EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG) extraction increased in Paenibacillus spp but in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, EGC and EC decreased while EGCG and ECG increased; whereas in Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis all types of catechin(EGC, EC, EGCG, ECG) decreased. The results of the above experiment reveal that the largest amount of catechin was extracted from the result which conducted fermentation for three days together with sun-dried salt and Paenibacillus spp in the green tea.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.131-145
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness and availability of salt pharmacopuncture of Korean sun-dried salt and processing salt on the basis of bibliographical review. Methods : This study was done through a narrative review of related bibliography including medical books, journals, general bibliography, and web sites. Results : 1. Korean sun-dried salt is produced in the ground with soil, tiles, and pottery. Sun-dried, traditional, granulated, bamboo, and grilled salts are all appropriate for medical use. They are composed of a lower level of NaCl and unnecessary substances, and have a higher water and mineral content. 2. The 9~30 g of NaCl included in the physiological saline matches the ratio of a normal human body. However, if the saline is used for water supply, it should be improved because the recommended amount is much lower. 3. Medicine that includes NaCl is applied for lessening the congestion of the nasal cavity, alleviating cornea swelling, or for a lack of water. NaCl can also be used for washing contact lenses as well as cleaning the mucous membrane of the eyes and nose. 4. Salt relieves anger, detoxifies, induces vomiting, builds strong muscles and bones, gives energy, slows aging, and ultimately improves health. 5. Salt treats many diseases including: cardiovascular, hematosis, respirometer, obstetric, musculoskeletal, mineral supplement, eye, teeth and skin issues, etc.. However, salt is not used for treating asthma, cough, or other ailments mainly affecting the vascular system. 6. While NaCl in salt absorbs water and the vascular constriction results in higher blood pressure, the pressure induced from salt is actually a physiologically temporary rise. Rather, salt helps remove oil from the body and its potassium lowers blood pressure. Conclusions : It was suggested that salt pharmacopuncture of Korean sun-dried salt and processing salt should be made available for adjusting the physiological salt concentration and control of the Na side effects, therefore it would be useful in the treatment of diseases.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.363-369
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the variation of Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.; CMV) seed quality after flowering. We tagged individual open flowers of CMV at the day of maximum flowering(11 May) in Seoul, Korea. Seed samples were harvested serially at 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after flowering(DAF). To compare with dried seeds, non-dried seeds were tested immediately after harvest and the remaining seeds were placed at room temperature for 4 weeks. Seed length, 1000 seed weight, moisture content, germination rate(GR), mean germination time(MGT), germination speed(GS), germination performance index(GPI) and physical dormancy rate(PDR) were investigated. Seed length increased to 2.6 mm and 1000 seed weight reached up to 2.2 g until 25 DAF. Seed moisture content dramatically decreased from 20 to 25 DAF. Moisture content of non-dried seed(7.5%) was similar to that of dried seed(5.5%) at 25 DAF. The rate of seed viability reached up to 94% at 25 DAF. In case of dried seed, GR increased up to 39% at 25 DAF whereas GR of non-dried seed varied from 5 to 10%. GS and GPI of dried seed were significantly higher than those of non-dried seed since 25 DAF. PDR of dried seed has decreased since 20 DAF, whereas PDR of non-dried seed has increased. GR, GS and GPI increased as PDR decreased. Our results evidenced that PDR might be one of major factor in variation of seed quality, of which development was completed at 25 DAF.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.635-638
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• 1997

Dried raddish leaves were prepared by using three different pre-treatment methods (shady sun-drying, freezing after blanching, and shady sun-drying after blanching). Then, the retention of minerals in dried raddish leaves was determined. It was shown that the retention of most minerals (Na, K, Fe, Ca, Mg) except P was higher when shady sun-drying method was used. The retention of P was shown to be the lowest when freezing after blanching method was used.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to provide useful information for making guide of quality index of Korean red pepper. The results of physicochemical characteristics analysis showed the moisture content of air-dried and sun-dried red pepper were 10.38~15.60% and 9.46~17.22%, which show that 50% of the 40 samples exceeded the 13% KS moisture standards of red pepper powder. The capsaicinoids content of the air-dried and sun-dried samples were 10.85~126.39 mg% (1,627~18,958 Scoville heat unit) and 0.43~164.09 mg% (64.5~24,613.5 Scoville heat unit). A wide distribution of ASTA values was observed: 49.12~154.69 and 70.08~182.13 for air-dried and sun-dried red pepper, respectively, with 9.29~23.10% free sugar, and 0~1,050 mg% of ascorbic acid. The total viable cells of the air-dried red peppers were 2.01~6.67 log CFU/g and of sun-dried red peppers, 1.74~5.77 log CFU/g. The contamination level of yeast in the samples were 1.03~4.12 log CFU/g of the air-dried samples and 1.05~6.10 log CFU/g of the sun-dried samples. Among the foodborne pathogens, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus were detected in many red pepper samples regardless drying method. In the principal component analysis, the first (PC1) and second principal components (PC2) accounted for 56.78 % of the total variances (38.47% and 18.31%, respectively). Ascorbic acid, ASTA, color value (L, a, b) were strongly correlated with the PC1, and quality characteristics such as moisture, microorganism, sample (drying method) showed a negative correlation with the PC1.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.13-20
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• 1978

Changes of free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds as taste compounds during sun drying of ascidian Cynthia roretzi, were analyzed by amino acid autoanalyzer and high speed liquid chromatography. In fresh ascidian, the results showed that 5'-UMP $(12.1\;{\mu}mole/g)$ was dominant and the content of cytosine, 2', 3'-CMP, 2', 3'-GMP, hypoxanhtine, 5'-AMP,5'-IMP were 5.8, 3.4, 3.1, 2,3, 1.7 and $1.3\;{\mu}mole/g$ ondry base respectively. 5'-IMP, 2', 3'-CMP and 2', 3'-GMP tended to degrade slowly and 5'-AMP, cytosine and 5'-UMP were decreased rapidly while hypoxanthine were increased remarkably during the sun drying. In dried ascidian, the content of hypoxanthine was the highest, 7.2 mole/g on dry base, whereas that of 5'-AMP $(0.5\;{\mu}mole/g)$) and 5'-IMP $(0.9\;{\mu}mole/g)$ were lower. Glutamic acid, alanine and serine were dominant amino acid in the fresh extracts, having 22.4% (611.3mg%, on dry qase), 19.8% (540.5mg%) and 14.8% (402.8mg%) of the total amino acid content respectively. The content of tyrosine, histidine, lysine, methionine, isoleucine and valine were low, and proline, phenylalanine were detected in trace amount. The free amino acid were not changed in composition but the increase of total free amino acid was approximately 116.8mg% during sun drying. In sun dried ascidian, glutamic acid (691.0mg, on dry base), alanine (641.3mg%), serine (469.5mg%), threonine (234.8mg%) and glycine (206.3mg%) were dominant amino acid. It is believed that glutamic acid, serine, alanine, threonine, glycine and hypoxanthine play an important role as taste compounds in sun dried ascidian.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.303-308
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• 2014

This study determined the antioxidant levels and activities of hot water aronia extracts by different drying methods such as sun drying, sun drying after steam treatment, freeze-drying, and oven drying. The total polyphenol content, calculated as gallic acid equivalent, was the highest in the freeze-dried sample (910 mg), followed by sun-dried after steam treatment (779 mg), sun-dried (769 mg), and oven-dried (757 mg) samples. Similar patterns were observed for the total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents. Freeze-dried aronia samples contained the highest polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents as compared to the samples dried by other methods. All antioxidant activities were found to increase in a dose-dependent manner. For the hot water-extracted freeze-dried aronia powder (200 mg/mL), the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radicalscavenging activities were 65.5% and 61.7% and the hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical-scavenging activities were 50.5% and 52.1%, respectively. These results suggest that comparatively, freeze-drying is a better method for preserving the bioactive components and the antioxidant activities of aronia.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.594-599
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to determine the processing conditions for salt dried rockfish Sebastes schlegeli by sun drying and cold-air drying, as measured by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. We processed salt dried rockfish samples. The salinity of rockfish samples was within 1% following salting with 25% salt brine for 3 h. The moisture content of salt dried rockfish was found to reduce linearly from 70.12 to 39.5 g/100 g over the same time interval. The water activities of salt dried rockfish by sun and cold-air drying were 0.94 and 0.87, respectively, after three days of drying. Acid values (AV) were 10.71 and 5.96 mg KOH/g, respectively, after the three day drying period. The ADH activity in a water extract from salt dried rockfish following sun and cold-air drying for 24 h was 228.5% and 226.1% at 13.3 mg/mL, respectively, and was higher than that when drying lasted for 48 and 72 h. The ALDH activity was not affected but both ADH and ALDH activity tended to decrease as the drying time increased from 24 to 72 h. The conditions of processing for the best quality of salt dried rockfish were determined to be drying with a cold-air system for 24 h. These results indicated that water extracts from salt dried rockfish have valuable biological attributes owing to the metabolizing of alcohol and can provide useful information for the design of drying systems for salt dried rockfish.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-55
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• 1976

An experimental work was conducted to develop an optimum operating system of various hay drying systems ; sun-drying with long hay, sun-drying after chopping, sun-drying after crushing, heated air drying after chopping using batch-type dryer and heated air drying after crushing using tunnel-type dryer. Seombody having 60 cm long and initial moisture content of approximately 79 % in wet basis was used for the experiment. The criteria selected for determining the optimum operating condition were the drying performance rate, the production cost and quality of dried matter of each drying systems. The result of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Drying characteristics of leaves of long stem hay, chopped seombody and crushed one were obtained by maintaining the oven temperature at 70 degrees centigrade. The required drying times for various samples to approximately 15% moisture content in wet basis were about 50 min .for leaves ; 160 min. for crushed hay ; 250 min. for chopped hay ; 340min. for ling hay and more than 360 min .for stems. The drying time of crushed hay was required about 50 % of that for the uncrushed long hay. Such a significant difference of drying of time between the leaf and long stem may indicate that an effective drying of seombody may not be achieved unless any kind of special process treatment for the whole hay is undertaken. 2. In each individual drying system, the following conclusions were drawn: a. After 8 days sun-drying on concrete floor under good days with average tempe?rature at $256{\circ}C$ and relative humidity at 55% at 2 P.M., the moisture content of long hay was still above 25 5'~ and the leaf loss during drying caused by wind and rough handling was more than 50 ~G. b. It was possible to dry the chopped seombody by sun-drying down to about 10 % moisture content within 5 days, however, a stock of heat and discolouration phenomena were observed during the drying, which may be due to the increased deposit-density by chopping, resulting in lowering the quality of the dried product. c. Sun-drying for the crushed material by hay-conditioner was required about 4 days to reduce the moisture content to about 10 %, keeping the quality of dried product at good grade. o. The optimum deposit-depth of the chopped seombody in the batch-type dryer used was about 28cm with about 42kg/hr of drying performance rate. However, it was necessary to overturn the materials between the upper and lower layers in order to obtain a good quality of dried product. d. The drying performance rate by the tunnel-type drier was highest among those of drying systems tested, giving the rate of approximately 400kg/day. 3. On reviewing the individual drying system for seombody, it was possible to draw conclusion that the best system was tunnel drying with the crushed seombody as far as the performance rate was concerned. However, the methods gives the highest operational cost. The system for the lowest operational cost with good quality of dried product was the sun-drying with the crushed material. Accordingly, it may be recommended that the system of sun-drying for the crushed seombody may be the most feasible system presently applicable to farm-level operation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 1976

An experimental work was conducted to develop an optimum operating system of various hay drying systems ; sun-drying with long hay, sun-drying after chopping, sun-drying after crushing, heated air drying after chopping using batch-type dryer and heated air drying after crushing using tunnel-type dryer. Seombody having 60 cm long and initial moisture content of approximately 79 % in wet basis was used for the experiment. The criteria selected for determining the optimum operating condition were the drying performance rate, the production cost and quality of dried matter of each drying systems. The result of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Drying characteristics of leaves of long stem hay, chopped seombody and crushed one were obtained by maintaining the oven temperature at 70 degrees centigrade. The required drying times for various samples to approximately 15% moisture content in wet basis were about 50 min .for leaves ; 160 min. for crushed hay ; 250 min. for chopped hay ; 340min. for ling hay and more than 360 min .for stems. The drying time of crushed hay was required about 50 % of that for the uncrushed long hay. Such a significant difference of drying of time between the leaf and long stem may indicate that an effective drying of seombody may not be achieved unless any kind of special process treatment for the whole hay is undertaken. 2. In each individual drying system, the following conclusions were drawn: a. After 8 days sun-drying on concrete floor under good days with average tempe\ulcornerrature at $256{\circ}C$ and relative humidity at 55% at 2 P.M., the moisture content of long hay was still above 25 5'~ and the leaf loss during drying caused by wind and rough handling was more than 50 ~G. b. It was possible to dry the chopped seombody by sun-drying down to about 10 % moisture content within 5 days, however, a stock of heat and discolouration phenomena were observed during the drying, which may be due to the increased deposit-density by chopping, resulting in lowering the quality of the dried product. c. Sun-drying for the crushed material by hay-conditioner was required about 4 days to reduce the moisture content to about 10 %, keeping the quality of dried product at good grade. o. The optimum deposit-depth of the chopped seombody in the batch-type dryer used was about 28cm with about 42kg/hr of drying performance rate. However, it was necessary to overturn the materials between the upper and lower layers in order to obtain a good quality of dried product. d. The drying performance rate by the tunnel-type drier was highest among those of drying systems tested, giving the rate of approximately 400kg/day. 3. On reviewing the individual drying system for seombody, it was possible to draw conclusion that the best system was tunnel drying with the crushed seombody as far as the performance rate was concerned. However, the methods gives the highest operational cost. The system for the lowest operational cost with good quality of dried product was the sun-drying with the crushed material. Accordingly, it may be recommended that the system of sun-drying for the crushed seombody may be the most feasible system presently applicable to farm-level operation.