• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.192-201
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• 2014

A comprehensive profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in public spaces is needed for interpreting indoor air measurements. Seasonal differences in profiles are critical for epidemiological study and risk assessment. The purposes of this study were to establish profiles for individual VOCs in 50 indoor public places in Korea and to determine seasonal variations in their concentrations. Air samples were taken during working hours. Seventy-two of the 91 targeted VOCs were identified using multiple standards. Six VOCs detected in all summer and winter samples were toluene, acetone, m,p-xylenes, ethylbenzene, benzene, and styrene. In summer, methyl ethyl ketone and 1-butanol were also found in all samples. In both seasons, the dominant indoor VOCs were toluene, m,p-xylenes, ethylbenzene, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol. Other chemicals associated with gasoline emissions were dominant in summer. Limonene was dominant only in winter due to the consumption of tangerines. The nine VOCs with the highest concentrations comprised 64.8% and 49.6% of the TVOC in summer and winter, respectively. Comparing two types of adsorbent tube, a single adsorbent tube with Tenax-TA had similar detection performance as a double adsorbent tube with Tenax and Carbotrap.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine the property of climatological environment using the daily mean meteorological data measured at the serveral meteorological observatory for 30years(1961~1990). It was found that the distribution of discomfort index tended to mainly depend on the geographical situation in the same season. Major portions of Korea were subjected to continental except for some seaside districts. The discomfort index have a large(small) value in summer(winter) season. And there is a short interval(1 or 2 months) between summer and winter season in Korea.

• 대기
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.401-413
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• 2012

In this study, an investigation has been carried out to understand 1) temporal variation of rainfall amount in summer over south Korea during the 30-year period of 1979-2008 and 2) the relationship between the variation of rainfall amount and the change of large-scale monsoon circulation around 1993/1994 over East Asia. The analysis of rainfall amount is carried out separately for whole summer (June-August), climatological Changma period of 23 June-23 July, and August to consider variations within summer. To relate the variation of rainfall amount with the change of large-scale circulation, we have considered two 15-year periods of 1979-1993 and 1994-2008. This study has used observations at 58 stations in South Korea and NCEP-NCAR $2.5^{\circ}{\times}2.5^{\circ}$ reanalysis data. The major change in synoptic environment for the Changma period is characterized by the intensified anticyclone over Mongolia during 1994-2008, which results in a weak meridional oscillation of Changma front. As a result, rainfall amount for the Changma period and the frequency of extreme events have significantly increased after 1993/1994. A major change of synoptic environment for August is the significant westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high, which allows not only more moisture transports but also stronger cyclonic circulation over the Korean peninsula. Rainfall amount for August and frequency of extreme events have also increased after 1993/1994. However, variability of rainfall amount is larger for August than that for the Changma period, with some years showing very dry August (monthly rainfall amount less than 150 mm).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.505-510
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• 2008

To understand the oceanographic characteristics of Hupo coastal waters as regards the East Korean Warm Current and the North Korean Cold Current, current direction and velocity were investigated by deploying a current meter in Hupo coastal waters during the summer and fall of 2007. Wind data were obtained from the homepage of the Korea Meteorological Administration. Water temperature was measured using a temperature meter attached to the current meter and a mini log. During summer, a south wind prevailed, while during the fall the wind blew from the north. Cold surface waters occurred on a large scale in summer, while in the fall, warm bottom water occurred frequently. After mid-November, when the surface water was cooler than $15^{\circ}C$, there was no difference in water temperature between the surface and bottom layers.

• 생태와환경
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.477-491
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• 2010

Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected two times from 116 sites at the $1^{st}{\sim}4^{th}$ order streams in forest areas in Gyungsang province in late spring and late summer. The sample sites belonged to slightly and moderately polluted states. When communities were classified by the Self-Organizing Map (SOM), the gradient was observed according to degree of pollution. Within clusters of slightly polluted sites, however, seasonality was further observed. Scrapers, gatherer-collectors, and filterer-collectors were abundantly observed in late spring while shredders appeared more in late summer. The number of predator species increased in late summer. Behavior types were mostly clingers in two seasons. Community compositions at the moderately polluted sites were not much differentiated in different seasons. Gatherer-collectors and burrowers were dominantly collected in both seasons.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.254-259
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• 2015

In this study, the characteristics as well as the maturity and stability of chicken manure collected from nine chicken farms in South Korea during the summer and winter seasons of 2014 are evaluated. The physicochemical parameter values of the manure, such as BOD, $NO_3-N$ and $PO_4-P$ etc. were determined using the Korea Standard test Method, HPLC, and APHA standard methods. The results showed that the alkalinity content and COD concentration in winter chicken manure were higher than those of summer chicken manure. The moisture content of summer manure was positively correlated with almost all of the other parameters of the manure, whereas it was negatively correlated with almost all of the other parameters in the winter manure. According to the criterion of C/N ratio, chicken manure indicated good quality compost. However, composted chicken manure showed immature and unstable compost when considering the criteria of the $NH_4-N/NO_3-N$ ratio and $NH_4-N$ concentrations.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2003

This study aims to survey the living spaces of the welfare facilities for the aged to get the objective relationships between the physical thermal environment and the users' subjective responses. The surveys were made twice in winter and once in summer during 2001 and 2002. An ambient temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, globe temperature were measured as physical elements of thermal environment and the ASHRAE Psychophysical Voting Scale were used as an evaluation index for subjective responses. As the results, the aged respond thermally comfortable, in spite of the differences among important factors such as thermal sensations, humidity sensations and air velocity sensations. Also the physical thermal environmental elements and the subjective responses indices exceed thermal comfort range calculated by PMV(Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD(Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied). It shows that the insulation of walls of the facilities is not enough for heating and cooling seasons, and the indoor environmental control is necessary.

• 대기
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.145-154
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• 2009

This study compared the sea surface wind pattern between model results from KMA operational model (RDAPS) and retrieved results from QuickSCAT in the 2006-2007 year. The mean spatial distributions of sea surface wind of RDAPS and QuikSCAT show the prominent seasonal patterns of summer and winter season adjacent to Korean Peninsular. The magnitude of sea surface wind predicted by RDAPS is weaker than that of QuikSCAT in most north Pacific ocean. In summer of 2006 positive bias with the maximum of 1 m/s is appeared in broad region of north Pacific ocean, however. the positive bias region is decreased to small region in 2007. Even though the predicted sea wind by RDAPS is stronger(weaker) than observed one by QuikSCAT in summer (winter), the RDAPS model simulate well the sea surface wind adjacent to Korean peninsular.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.877-882
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of outdoor thermal environment of flat-type apartment houses and tower-type apartment houses in summer by numerical simulation. After inputting a building condition at CAD, we calculated the surface temperature for two apartments by using the numerical simulation of a clear sky day in summer in Seoul. The results indicated that the variation in Heat Island Potential(HIP) of tow apartments were not only in the day but also in the night. According to form of apartment the flat-type apartment houses appeared $1.3^{\circ}C$ more highly tower-type apartment houses.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-72
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• 1986

This study was made to determine the factors involving personal exposure levels of nitrogen dioxide for housewives living in urban area in two seasons, winter and summer. Nitrogen dioxide was measured with a small passive sampler containing triethanolamine. The samplers were set for 24 hours at three points. They were places: on the collar of the housewife to investigate the personal exposure level, near the TV in the living room (indoor level), and near the porch of their house (outdoor level). The subjects recorded the times of cooking using a gas range, using a kitchen ventilator, passive smoking, kerosene heater, total number of minutes at an open window, going out of home, etc.$\ldots. There was an apparent increase in personal exposure level in the case of the unvented heater and also an increase by cooking on a gas range. There was no marked increase in the other situations. There was an increase in the indoor level by cooking on a gas range, only in western style cooking in the winter season. Through these observations, we concluded that personal exposure level of nitrogen dioxide was strongly related to indoor nitrogen dioxide level, and factors involving indoor nitrogen dioxide level seemed different between winter and summer. The most significant difference in nitrogen dioxide level was indoor pollution in the winter and the outdoor environment in the summer. The maximum personal exposure level appeared in the western and tenement house in the winter and the traditional korean house in the summer.