• 건축역사연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.43-56
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• 2015

Researches on the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era have been constantly conducted in the archeology field since the beginning of the 2000s. Most of the related researches in the past have been on the classification and chronological record of dwelling types in archeology, but architectural researches on the dwelling history that is connected from the prehistoric age to the Joseon Dynasty era are insufficient. There are no big differences between the excavated pit dwellings of the Joseon Dynasty era and those of the prehistoric age, so pit dwellings were considered to have been used as dwellings for common people until the Joseon dynasty era. This fact is confirmed by the frequency and density of pit dwellings. In this research, what space composition of the pit dwellings that are equipped with the Korean floor heating system is shown according to the plan types was examined and the development and transition process from pit dwellings to Folk houses were analyzed and their correlations with the Folk houses of the Joseon Dynasty era were examined. The Folk house form did not start with the form of the house on the ground but originate from the introduction of Ondol, the Korean floor heating system, to pit dwellings. As the Korean floor heating system is used, the room and kitchen space are composed in the pit dwelling, and the kitchen is expanded to the one that separates the fireplace for cooking to avoid heating that is unnecessary for the summer season. As the size of the dwelling was getting bigger, the division of the space is made by the pillars that support the interior space. Also, the dwelling is expanded into a single row house and a double row house according to the progress direction of Ondol. In other words, the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era develops with making up diverse floors through the combination and expansion of Ondol and kitchen according to the dweller's convenience and life style and surrounding environment. This research is significant in the sense that it helps understand the formation and development process of our traditional Folk houses and fills the gap between the pit dwellings, which have been dealt with inadequately, and traditional Folk houses in the Korean dwelling history.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2010년도 학술발표회
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• pp.273-277
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• 2010

This research was performed to examine changes in the timing of the growth of crops along with changes in temperatures due tochanges and to analyze the change of water-supply-reliability by adding an analysis of the change of agricultural water supply patterns in the basin area of Miryang dam in Korea. Had-CM3 model from U.K. was the tool adopted for the GCM model, a stochastic, daily-meteorology-generation-model called LARS-WG was alsoused for downscaling and for the climate change scenario (A1B) which represents Korea's circumstances best. First of all, to calculate changes in the timing of the growth of crops during this period, the theory of GDD was applied. Except for the period of transplanting and irrigation, there was no choice but to find the proper accumulated temperature by comparing actual temperature data and the supply pattern of agricultural use due to limited temperature data. As a result, proper temperatures were found for each period. $400^{\circ}C$ for the preparation period of a nursery bed, $704^{\circ}C$ for a nursery bed's period, $1,295^{\circ}C$ for the rice-transplanting period, $1,744^{\circ}C$ for starting irrigation, and $3,972^{\circ}C$ for finishing irrigation. To analyze future agricultural supply patter changes, the A1B scenario of Had-CM3 model was adopted, and then Downscaling was conducted adopting LARS-WG. To conduct a stochastical analysis of LARS-WG, climate scenarios were generated for the periods 2011~2030, 2046~2065, 2080~2099 using the data of precipitation andMax/Min temperatures collected from the Miryang gauging station. Upon reviewing the result of the analysis of accumulated temperatures from 2011~2030, the supply of agricultural water was 10 days earlier, and in the next periods-2046~2065, 2080~2099 it also was 10 days earlier. With these results, it is assumed that the supply of agricultural water should be about 1 month ahead of the existing schedule to meet the proper growth conditions of crops. From the results of the agricultural water supply patterns should be altered, but the reliability of water supply becomes more favorable, which is caused from the high precipitation change. Furthermore, since the unique characteristics of precipitation in Korea, which has high precipitation in the summer, water-supply-reliability has a pattern that the precipitation in September could significantly affect the chances of drought the following winter and spring. It could be more risky to make changes to the constant supply pattern under these conditions due to the high uncertainty of future precipitation. Although, several researches have been conducted concerning climate changes, in the field of water-industry, those researches have been solely dependent on precipitation. Even so, with the high uncertainty of precipitation, it is difficult for it to be reflected in government policy. Therefore, research in the field of water-supply-patterns or evapotranspiration according to the temperature or other diverse effects, which has higher reliability on anticipation, could obtain more reliable results in the future and that could result in water-resource maintenance to be safer and a more advantageous environment.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2016

Background: Root diseases caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani decrease the yield and quality of ginseng. Cylindrocarpon root rot is a major disease caused by replant failure in ginseng fields. Methods and Results: Solarization of infested greenhouse soil was carried out during the summer season after applying green manure (Sudan grass) and Calcium Cyanamide (CC) on the soil. Mycelium and conidia of C. destructans died at $40^{\circ}C$ after 15 h, but they did not die at $35^{\circ}C$ after 15 h. They also died after keeping the soil at $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 9 days, and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, but they did not die at $38^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. Maximum soil temperature was $55.4^{\circ}C$ at 5 cm depth, $48.7^{\circ}C$ at 10 cm, $44.7^{\circ}C$ at 15 cm, $42.5^{\circ}C$ at 20 cm, and $31.9^{\circ}C$ at 30 cm by incorporating green manure into the soil and using solarization. Solarization using green manure mixed with CC was the most effective in decreasing soil-borne pathogens of 2-year-old ginseng. However, the addition of CC decreased the root weight due to the increase in EC and $NO_3-N$. Conclusions: Soil disinfection using green manure and solarization in a greenhouse environment was effective in inhibiting root rot, however, it did not completely kill the soil-borne pathogens.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 속초 지방의 강수 분포 특성을 파악하고자, 1970~1999년의 속초 기상대의 시간별.일별.월별 강수자료와 속초공항, 간성, 설악산관리사무소, 오색, 진부령, 미시령의 월별 강수자료를 분석하였다. 이 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 속초 지방의 30년간(1970~1999) 강수량의 경년 변화를 보면 연강수량이 증가하는 추세에 있다. 봄(4, 5, 6월), 여름(6, 7, 8월), 가을(9, 10, 11월)에 7개 관측지점 중 고도 148m인 설악산 관리 사무소에서 강수량이 가장 많았는데, 이는 습윤한 해풍이 설악산관리사무소가 있는 쌍천 계곡으로 불어들기 때문이다. 여름철에는 7개 관측지점 중 고도가 가장 높은 미시령이 고도가 가장 낮은 속초 공항보다 95.2mm의 강수량이 많았는데, 겨울철에는 속초 공항이 미시령보다 89.6mm의 강수량이 많았다. 속초 지방에서 호우가 나타난 1984년 9월 2일(314.2mm)의 주 풍향은 북북동풍이었고, 일평균 풍속은 4.4㎧였다. 대설이 나타난 1978년 12월 19일(74.2cm)의 주풍향은 북서풍이었고, 일 평균풍속은 3.6㎧였다. 호우와 대설이 나타난 날은 지상과 상층에서 강한 북동기류가 동해안(속초 지방)으로 유입되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제27권
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• pp.3.1-3.4
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• 2012

Objectives: The current use of humidifier detergent and its harmful impact on humans has arisen as a societal environmental health issue. Therefore, in this study we aimed to explore the relationship between demo-socio characteristics and humidifier use, as well as the monthly usage changes in pregnant women; thus, we report the actual status of humidifier usage of Korea's pregnant population. Methods: From a birth cohort of a Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study, 1,144 pregnant women who responded through questionnaires including demo-socio characteristics, obstetric status and household environment including whether they use humidifier and frequency of use were included in this study. Statistical analyses were performed to explore the relationship between maternal characteristics and the relevance of the use of humidifiers was performed using a chi-square test, a t-test and univariate logistic regression analysis. The monthly usage rate was demonstrated in the graph. Results: The humidifier usage rate in pregnant women was 28.2%. The average frequency of humidifier usage was 4.6 days per week, 7.3 hours per day. The usage rate was higher in the multipara group and the above the age of 34 age group than in the primipara and below the age of 34 groups. Seoul showed a higher usage rate than Cheonan and Ulsan and as the education level and income increased, the usage rate of humidifiers among pregnant women also increased. In the monthly trend of usage rate, the winter season showed the highest usage rate of over 45% and the lowest in late summer and beginning of fall with a value of 12% or less. Conclusions: During pregnancy, the mother's body is especially vulnerable to hazardous environmental exposure that not only affects the pregnant woman but also the fetus. Further research is still needed to elucidate the route and effect of environmental risk factors. Therefore, based on precautionary and preventive principles, special interest and caution in harmful environments are strongly needed not only at an individual level but also at a national level.

• 환경생물
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.478-485
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• 2013

본 연구는 팔당호로 유입되는 경안천 하류구간에서 2010년에 집중강우 전(6월) 후(10월)로 구분하여 어류현장조사 및 생태특성을 분석하였다. 현장조사는 조사지점의 특성에 따라 일각망과 투망을 이용하였으며, 섭식특성은 종별 위내용물 분석을 통해 실시하였다. 현장조사결과, 총 5과 17종 970개체가 출현하였으며, 잉어과가 가장 많은 종(12종)이 출현하였고, 블루길(38%)과 피라미(24%)가 주요 우점종으로 나타났다. 외래도입어종은 3종 423개체로 44%의 높은 상대풍부도를 보이는 것으로 나타난 반면, 한국고유종은 4종 98개체로 10%의 상대풍부도를 보였다. 생태지표특성 중 내성도 분석에 따르면, 내성종의 상대풍부도가 97%로 단연 우세하게 나타났으며, 민감종은 1종이 출현하였다. 영양단계 분석에 따르면, 블루길의 우점현상에 의해 충식종의 상대풍부도가 44%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 주요종에 대한 섭식특성은, 우점종으로 나타난 블루길이 치어, 수서곤충, 저서성무척추동물, 동물플랑크톤, 깔따구류(유충), 수초 등을 다양하게 섭식하여, 육식/충식성으로 판단되었으며, 아우점종인 피라미는 지각류가 섭식량의 90% 초과하는 비율을 차지하고 있었다. 향후 본 연구에 안정동위원소 분석을 병행한다면 종별 먹이망 내 정확한 위치파악이 가능할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.189-199
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• 2010

고준위 방사성 폐기물 처분장의 경우 폐기물의 방사성 붕괴에 의해 열이 발생되며, 암반을 통한 열전달에 의해 처분장 주변 환경이 변화됨으로써 처분장의 안전성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 그러므로 지하 처분장 대기의 열전달계수를 결정하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Underground Research Tunnel (KURT)에서 내부 환경 인자들의 측정을 통해 강제대류시 열전달계수를 산정하였다. 실험을 위해 KURT 내 히터구간의 막장 벽면에는 길이 2 m, 용량 5 kw의 히터를 삽입하여 암반 내부를 $90^{\circ}C$로 가열하였고, 외부와 연결된 급기용 팬에 의해 신선한 공기를 공급하였다. 연구결과, 외부공기 공급 후 히터구간 대기의 기류속도는 평균 0.81 m/s로 측정되었고 레이놀즈수는 약 310,000~340,000의 값을 나타냈다. 그리고 강제대류조건에서 히터구간 내 계절별 열전달계수는 각각 여름철 $7.68\;W/m^2{\cdot}K$와 겨울철 $7.24\;W/m^2{\cdot}K$의 수치를 나타냈다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2006

This study was undertaken to analyze the effects of pavement thermal properties and water retention characteristics on the surface temperature of the gray permeable cement concrete pavement during the summer. Following is a summary of major results. 1) The hourly surface temperature of pavement could be well predicted with a heat transfer model program that incorporated the input data of major meteorological variables including solar radiation, atmospheric temperature, dew point, wind velocity, cloudiness and the evaporation rate of the pavements predicted by the time domain reflectometry (TDR) method. 2) When the albedo was changed to 0.5 from an arbitrary starting condition of 0.3, holding other variables constant, the peak surface temperature of the pavement dropped by 11.5%. When heat capacity was changed to $2.5\;kJm^{-3}K^{-1}\;from\;1.5\;kJm^{-3}K^{-1}$, surface temperature dropped by 8.0%. When daily evaporation was changed to 1 mm from 2 mm, temperature dropped by 5.7%. When heat conductivity was changed to $2.5\;Wm^{-1}K^{-1}\;from\;1.5\;Wm^{-1}K^{-1}$, the peak surface temperature of the pavement fell by 1.2%. The peak pavement surface temperature under the arbitrary basic condition was $24.46^{\circ}C$ (12 a.m.). 3) It accordingly became evident that the pavement surface temperature can be most effectively lowered by using materials with a high albedo, a high heat capacity or a high evaporation at the pavement surface. The glare situation, however, is intensified by raising of the albedo, moreover if reflected light is absorbed into surrounding physical masses, it is changed into heat. It accordingly became evident that raising the heat capacity and the evaporative capacity may be the moot acceptable measures to improve the thermal characteristics of the pavement. 4) The sensitivity of the surface temperature to major meteorological variables was as follows. When the daily average temperature changed to $0^{\circ}C\;from\;15^{\circ}C$, holding all other variables constant, the peak surface temperature of the pavement decreased by 56.1 %. When the global solar radiation changed to $200\;Wm^{-2}\;from\;600\;Wm^{-2}$, the temperature of the pavement decreased by 23.4%. When the wind velocity changed to $8\;ms^{-1}\;from\;4\;ms^{-1}$, the temperature decreased by 1.4%. When the cloudiness level changed to 1.0 from 0.5, the peak surface temperature decreased by 0.7%. The peak pavement surface temperature under the arbitrary basic conditions was $24.46^{\circ}C$ (12 a.m.)

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2018

산지습지의 유량 변동을 분석하는 것은 산지습지의 지속적인 관리측면에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 SWAT모형을 이용하여 경남 양산시의 금정산에 위치한 장군습지를 대상으로 물수지 분석을 수행하였다. 강우 및 습지 수위의 관측값을 분석한 결과, 습지 내 양(+)의 수위를 유지하기 위해서는 8일에 한번 10mm이상의 강수가 발생해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 양산 기상관측소의 수문기상 자료들을 이용하여 2009년에서 2017년까지 물수지 분석을 수행한 결과, 2010년, 2012년, 2015년에 강수량이 상대적으로 적게 내려 습지 내 물 부족이 발생하였다. 특히, 여름철에 강수가 지속적으로 발생하지 않고 단기간에 집중적으로 내려 바로 유출되었기 때문에 물 부족이 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 장군습지의 육화 및 건조화를 방지하기 위해 습지로 유입되는 물길을 확장하고, 작은 둑을 쌓아 물을 저장함으로써 유출되는 양을 감소시키는 등 적정수위가 유지될 수 있도록 다양한 방안들을 마련하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2018

자유생활아메바인 가시아메바(Acanthamoeba spp.)와 파울러자유아메바(Naegleria fowleri)는 아메바성 뇌염 등 치명적인 질병을 일으키며, 물을 포함한 자연 환경에 널리 분포한다. 가시아메바와 파울러자유아메바가 한국의 주요 상수원수에 존재하는지 알아보기 위해 배양법에 기초한 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응법을 이용하여 2017년 7월부터 12월 사이에 한국의 52개 주요 상수원수를 조사하였다. 가시아메바와 파울러자유아메바가 각각 42개 시료(80.8%)와 6개 시료(11.5%)에서 검출되었다. 가시아메바의 경우 계절과 상관없이 고른 검출율을 보였으나, 파울러자유아메바는 주로 여름과 가을에 검출되었으며 겨울에는 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 이러한 자유생활아메바가 한국의 상수 원수에도 고루 존재한다는 것을 의미한다.