• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.1109-1115
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• 2004

This study was investigated the residual contents of sulfur dioxide on the 373 kinds of herbal medicine distributed from Korea, China, and Japan. A modified Monier-Williams method was described for the determination of $SO_{2}$ contents in herbal medicines. The residual contents of $SO_{2}$ were not detected at 221 products$(59.8{\%})$ in total 373 products. Regardless of region, $SO_{2}$ contents were not found at Farfarae Flos, Zizyphi Spinosi Semen, Castanea crenata, and Strychni Ignatii Semen. But it's found at Asparagi Radix, Codonopsitis Radix, Lilii Bulbus, and Kaempferiae Rhizoma of every region collected the samples. Also, $SO_{2}$ contents were not detected at the herbal medicines which collected cultural fields of dometic. $SO_{2}$ contents ranged 11$\~$3990 mg/kg(mean 152 mg/kg) at domestic samples, 11$\~$3440 mg/kg(mean 603 mg/kg) at imported samples. After treated with water wash and hot water extraction, the reduction rates of sulfur dioxide were appeared with $24.4{\%}\~68.7{\%}\;and\;83.8{\%}\~100.0{\%},$ respectively. These data will be used to establish a criteron of residual sulfur dioxide in herbal medicines.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 2014

The effect of the addition of Allium hookeri on the quality of fermented sausage made with meat from sulfur fed pigs was examined, throughout a 60 d ripening period. There were two treatments in animal management: normal feed fed pigs, and sulfur fed pigs given 0.3% sulfur mixed normal feed. Fermented sausage manufactured with meat from normal feed fed pigs, and with meat from sulfur fed pigs, and 1% A. hookeri-containing fermented sausage processed with meat from sulfur fed pigs, were determined at 1 d, 15 d, 30 d, and 60 d. The meat qualities in fermented sausage were measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH), $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity ($ABTS^+$), total phenolic acids, and total flavonoid contents. Fermented sausage made from pigs that had been fed with 0.3% sulfur was protected from oxidation by reduced free radical, as shown by the significant increase in DPPH and $ABTS^+$ values, compared with fermented sausage made from normal feed fed pigs (p<0.05). A. hookeri-added fermented sausage with sulfur fed pork was shown to increase the values in DPPH, $ABTS^+$, total phenolic acid, and total flavonoid contents, by comparison with both the control sausage, and sausage with sulfur fed pork, at 60 d. These results suggest that A. hookeri in meat from sulfur fed pigs could be a source of natural addition, to increase quality in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.219-223
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• 2002

This study investigated effects of bark acidity, leaf acidity and water soluble sulfur contents by SO$_2$, 1-2 seedling of Prunus yedoensis and Ligustrum obtusifolium were treated 5 level (0. 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ppm) of SO$_2$. The tallowing results were obtained; In the case of bark and leaf acidities, pH values decreased as SO$_2$ concentration was high. Prunus yedoensis compare with Ligustrum obtusifolium had high relative susceptibility because rates of increase in bark and leaf acidities were high according to SO$_2$ concentration. Water soluble sulfur contents in the leaves also increased as SO$_2$ concentration was high. Prunus yedoensis compare with Ligustrum obtusifolium had high relative susceptibility because increase rates of water soluble sulfur contents in the leaves were high according to SO$_2$ concentration.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

Objectives: To compare the contents of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide before/after a decoction. Methods: The heavy metal contents before/after a decoction were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer(ICP-AES) and mercury analyzer. In order to analyze pesticides in 5 samples we used simultaneous multi-residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide($SO_2$) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. Results: 1. The mean values of heavy metal contents(mg/kg) for the samples were as follows: Galgeun-tang(before decoction-Pb; 0.793, Cd; 0.133, As; 0.016 and Hg; 0.005, after decoction-Pb; 0.033, Cd; 0.004, As; 0.002 and Hg; not detected), Gumiganghwal-tang(before decoction-Pb; 0.934, Cd; 0.197, As; 0.046 and Hg; 0.006, after decoction-Pb; 0.062, Cd; 0.007, As; 0.004 and Hg; 0.0001), Sosiho-tang(before decoction-Pb; 0.891, Cd; 0.134, As; 0.091 and Hg; 0.014, after decoction-Pb; 0.036, Cd; 0.002, As; 0.004 and Hg; not detected), Ojuck-san(before decoction-Pb; 0.907, Cd; 0.136, As; 0.084 and Hg; 0.007, after decoction-Pb; 0.074, Cd; 0.007, As; 0.011 and Hg; 0.0005) and Samsoeum(before decoction-Pb; 1.234, Cd; 0.154, As; 0.016 and Hg; 0.007, after decoction-Pb; 0.094, Cd; 0.006, As; 0.002 and Hg; 0.001). 2. Contents(mg/kg) of residual pesticides before/after a decoction in all samples were not detected. 3. Contents(mg/kg) of sulfur dioxide($SO_2$) before a decoction in Galgeun-tang, Gumiganghwal-tang, Sosiho-tang, Ojuck-san and Samsoeum exhibited 1.2, 3.4, 11.1, 12.0 and 5.7, respectively. However, contents of sulfur dioxide after a decoction in all samples were not detected. Conclusions: These results will be used to establish a criterion of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.108-117
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• 2009

Objective: To compare the contents of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide before/after a decoction. Methods: The heavy metal contents before/after a decoction were measured by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) and mercury analyzer. In order to analyze pesticides in 5 samples we used simultaneous multi-residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, which was followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. Results: 1. The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) for the samples were as follows: Sipjeondaebo-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.163, Cd; 0.257, As; 0.080 and Hg; 0.016, after decoction - Pb; 0.059, Cd; 0.007, As; 0.006 and Hg; 0.0003), Palmul-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.181, Cd; 0.242, As; 0.152 and Hg; 0.014, after decoction - Pb; 0.067, Cd; 0.008, As; 0.008 and Hg; 0.0003), Sagunja-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.285, Cd; 0.283, As; 0.063 and Hg; 0.012, after decoction - Pb; 0.047, Cd; 0.009, As; 0.004 and Hg; not detected) and Samul-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.025, Cd; 0.169, As; 0.099 and Hg; 0.013, after decoction - Pb; 0.065, Cd; 0.007, As; 0.010 and Hg; 0.001). 2. Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides before/after a decoction were not detected in any samples. 3. Contents (mg/kg) of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) before a decoction in Sipjeondaebo-tang, Palmul-tang, Sagunja-tang and Samul-tang exhibited 5.0, 6.0, 14.0 and 6.9, respectively. However, contents of sulfur dioxide after a decoction were not detected in any samples. Conclusion: These results will be used to establish a criterion for heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.237-246
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• 2009

1. Objectives To compare the contents of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide before/after decoction. 2. Methods The heavy metal contents before/after decoction were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and mercury analyzer. In order to analyze pesticides in 3 samples we used simultaneous multi-residue analysis of pesticides by GC/ECD, followed by GC/MSD analysis to confirm the identity of the detected pesticide in each sample. In addition, the contents of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were performed by Monier-Williams distillation method. 3. Results 1) The mean values of heavy metal contents (mg/kg) for the samples were as follows: Yuldahanso-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.85, Cd; 0.148, As; 0.042 and Hg; 0.003, after decoction - Pb; 0.096, Cd; 0.006, As; 0.006 and Hg; 0.002), Chongsimyonja-tang (before decoction - Pb; 1.193, Cd; 0.094, As; 0.084 and Hg; 0.008, after decoction - Pb; 0.053, Cd; 0.007, As; 0.011 and Hg; not detected) and Taeyeumjowee-tang (before decoction - Pb; 0.878, Cd; 0.078, As; 0.302 and Hg; 0.004, after decoction - Pb; 0.079, Cd; 0.005, As; 0.006 and Hg; not dectcted). 2) Contents (mg/kg) of residual pesticides before/after decoction in all samples were not detected. 3) Contents (mg/kg) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) before decoction in Yuldahanso-tang, Chongsimyonja-tang and Taeyeumjowee-tang exhibited 6.1, 37.8, 31.5 and 19.7, respectively. However, contents of sulfur dioxide after decoction in all samples were not detected. 4. Conclusion These results will be used to establish a criterion of heavy metals, residual pesticides and sulfur dioxide.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.43-48
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was investigated to determine the contents of pesticide residues and sulfur dioxide residues in commercial herbal medicines in Korea. Methods : Chromatographic test was performed on 100 samples consisted with 10 kinds of medicinal plants including improted and domestic products. To establish 19 pesticide residues (DDE, DDD, DDT, Dieldrin, Methoxychlor, BHC isomers, Aldrin, Endosulfan isomers, Endrin, Captan, Procymidone, Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid) in commercial herbal medicines, chromatographic equipments were used with the gas chromatography-mass detector and gas chromatography-electron capture detector for qualitative analysis. The imidacloprid analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatograpgy-ultraviolet detector at 270 nm UV wavelength. The contents of sulfur dioxides were analyzed by modified Monnier-Williams method. All methods were based on notification procedure of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA). Results : The residual pesticides were not founded in improted and domestic samples. Among 100 samples, the residues of sulfur dioxide in 73 samples were not detected and 25 samples showed contents in the range of 0~21.90 mg/kg. The excess samples of MRLs were 2 samples (30 mg/kg to medicinal herbs), Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma (Imported product) and the average amount of sulfur dioxide in 2 unsuitable samples were 14.83 mg/kg. These samples were found to transgress KFDA regulatory guidance of residual sulfur dioxide. Conclusion : These results are able to use as basic data to improve the reliability and value of commercial medicinal herbs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1979

A study was carried out to examine the effects of sulfur dioxide gas on soybean plants; at two concentrations(0.2mg/l and 0.5mg/l) and in different fumigation periods, The grain yield of soybeans, sulfur and chlorophyll contents in leaves, and ratios of destroyed leaf were investigated, 1) At the concentration of $SO_2$ 0.5mg/l, a) The yield decrease were 52% and 76.4% at 5 minutes and one houre fumigation period respectively, b) The sulfur contents in leaves were positively correlated with fumigation period and yield decrease, however the water soluble sulfur was superior than the total sulfur in correlation coefficient. 2) At the concentration of $SO_2$ 0.2mg/l; a) The most severe destruction of leaves were observed at noon exposure (10:00-11:00 O'clock) and no visible damage was observed at night exposure (22:00-23:00) b) The sulfur contents in leaves and stems were the highest at noon exposure and the lowest at evening exposure (18:00-19:00 O'clock) chlorophyll contents were the highest at night exposure but, the lowest at noon exposure, c) The ratio of destroyed leaf was positively correlated with the sulfur content of leaves, but negatively correlated with chlorophyll contents. d) Absorbance spectra of chlorophyll in the chlorolast were greatly decreased at noon exposure but slightly decreased at night exposure. The decrease of absorbance spectra was mainly at $456m{\mu}$ and $663m{\mu}$.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.824-830
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary processed sulfur supplementation on water-holding capacity, color, and lipid profiles of pork according to the level of dietary processed sulfur (0%, CON; 0.3%, S). The pigs were slaughtered at an average final weight of 120 kg, and the longissimus dorsi muscles were collected from the carcasses. As results, pork processed with sulfur had significantly higher moisture and ash contents compared to those of CON but lower crude fat, pH, expressible drip, lower redness and yellowness, and greater lightness. Pork processed with sulfur showed significantly lower total lipid content, triglycerides, and atherosclerosis index but significantly higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Feeding processed sulfur significantly lowered myristic acid, heptadecanoic acid, and stearic acid contents, whereas monounsaturated fatty acids and oleic acids were significantly higher compared to those in the CON. Higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6 fatty acids were observed in the pork processed with sulfur than that of the CON. Therefore, supplementing pigs with dietary sulfur improved nutrient and meat quality.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1971

The nutritional status of sulfur in rice plants grown on various field conditions different in soil fertility, fertilizers used and weather was investigated as follows. 1. The critical percentage of sulfur in rice shoot grown in a sulfur deficient field appears to be over 0.2 around 30 days after transplanting. 2. The mean sulfur contents at harvesting stage were 0.22% and 0.43% in the ear and straw, respectively and increased more in the straw by the application of ammonium sulfate. 3. The ratio of sulfur contents in the straw and ear (straw/ear) showed the increasing tendency from north to south only in the fertilized fields. But it was not as such in the percent translocation, the mean values of which were 26% and 29% in the fertilized and non-fertilized, respectively. 4. The sulfur uptake amounted to 6kg and 10kg per acre in the non-fertilized and fertilized, respectively. 5. The sulfur content was decreased in the order of leaf blade+leaf sheath, stem and ear, and was higher in the low productive field than that of high productive field.